American Revolution - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 328 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: American Revolution Essay Did you like this example? In the early 19th century, Americans experienced both social and political impact significantly due to emerging cultural changes. While religion reformed the much of the 19th century it was able to impact both political and social aspects of the Americas, through abolition and temperance it was able to bring about these changes with religion. The high rate of alcohol consumption prompted reformers to target alcohol as the cause of social ills. The movement began by using moral exhortation. In 1826 Protestant ministers and other concerned with drinking founded the American temperance society, they tried to persuade drinkers to take abstinence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "American Revolution" essay for you Create order Factory owners and politicians joined in hopes to reduce poverty and crime. In 1851 Maine went beyond taxing liquor but also prohibited manufacturing and sale of liquor. Twelve states followed before the civil war. In the 1850s the issue of slavery came to overshadow the temperance movement but would gain strength in the late 1870s and achieve national success with the passage of the 18th amendment in 1919. Abolition was the support for a complete, immediate, and uncompensated end to slavery. Slavery was seen as one of the Americas worse social ills. Abolitionist and religious reformers were fighting for the abolishment of slavery. In the North before the Civil War, there were only a few abolitionists and these were generally considered radicals. However, they were prominent and vocal, and as sectional tension mounted, they became more prominent and influential. This was considered radical, and there were only a few adamant abolitionists prior to the Civil War. Almost all abolitionists advocated legal, but not social equality for blacks. Many abolitionists, such as William Lloyd Garrison were extremely vocal and helped to make slavery a national issue, creating sectional tension because most abolitionists were from the North. While religion reformed the much of the 19th century it was able to impact both political and social aspects of the Americas, through abolition and temperance it was able to bring about these changes with religion.

Conformity And Its Effect On Society - 1431 Words

In today life people generally tend to conform in many situations to blend in and to live their life peacefully. They may feel safer doing so and more acceptable by society if they don’t stick out with ideas opposite or different to the â€Å"main stream†. To answer the question what is CONFORMITY we ca use the description of psychologists who described it as: The most general concept and refers to any change in behaviour caused by another person or group; the individual acted in some way because of influence from others. (Breckler, 2006) Conformity can be caused by different reasons. For some people it will be a way of looking for clues of how to behave, as other people may have better knowledge or experience than we, and it can be helpful and informative for us to follow them. Other example of conformity is when people conform because they want to be accepted by a group, they want to be a part something, and they don’t want to be pounced on them. Another reason for people to conform is to follow someone’s style to look alike as it can come across positive perception from peers. Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman identified three major types of conformity, which were based on his experiments and research. These are as follow: Compliance – is referred to changing the behaviour publicly, to fit in group despite the fact that privately we don’t agree with it. The very good example of such conformity is Ash’s experiment, when despite the obvious answer people gave a differentShow MoreRelatedConformity And Its Effects On Society1641 Words   |  7 Pageswithin their own society. As the case may be this is not a negative acknowledgment, seeing as majority of people convert to stereotypes and social norms without even a fighting word. The majority of children will believe their parents or guardians when told certain actions are unacceptable or not for their gender, and will continue to follow these set rules to be a â€Å"good kid† and gain the approval of their guardians, which lead to the longing for them to gain the approval of society. The complicationRead MoreConformity And Its Effect On Society Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom home for the first time, take on many obstacles. Along with the difficulties of balancing academics, self care and missing home, students face immense pressures from their peers. Conformity is t he alteration of a behavior due to the influence of others, regardless of if their presence is real or imagined. Conformity often occurs in groups, and because groups are a very common and important in college, it becomes a time in one’s life when pressure is extremely high. My group of girls are tightlyRead MorePeer Pressure, Conformity And Rebellion Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pages Peer Pressure, Conformity and Rebellion How does peer pressure, conformity, and Rebellion affect Adolescents in society? Karla Rios Prof: Jocelyn Castillo Social Psychology Fall 2016 New Jersey City University Abstract The purpose of this literature review paper is to navigate and explore different effects in society towards peer pressure, conformity and rebellion. This study attempts to answer the following research questions: How does peer pressure, conformity, and rebellion affectsRead MoreEssay On Individualism And Collectivism1162 Words   |  5 Pagesinstead of verbally to determine conformity levels; enculturation, defined as the process in which we are surrounded by cultural influences. All of these terms are important in understanding the concept that individualism and collectivism influence conformity through each of their characteristics and values. In an individualistic society, the ties between each person are weaker, and everyone looks after oneself. These values of an individualistic society influence conformity in many ways, as seen in theRead MoreOpinions and Social Pressure Essay939 Words   |  4 PagesSolomon E. Asch â€Å"Opinions and Social Pressure† Salomon E. Asch in his essay â€Å"Opinions and Social Pressure† conducted an experiment to determine effects of group pressure towards an individual and concluded that there is a very strong tendency to conformity even when doing so conflicting with their own senses of morality. In the experiment a group of young students have to compare length of lines on two different sheets of paper. On one of them there is a sample single line and on the otherRead MoreSociety vs Self1013 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects that Society has on Individuals are  Negative Society is, by definition,  a group of people who live in the same area who tend to follow the same standards. Society influences people to follow their expectations, because it is thought of as the right way to live. Due to this influence, society has a negative impact on the individuals who are a part of it. Society forces conformity on others, has individuals acting selfish, and lowers self-esteem which ultimately has a negativeRead MoreTaking a Look at the Transcendental Movement1455 Words   |  6 PagesRalph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Emerson and Thoreau were both extremely intellectual men of their time and are now the figureheads of transcendentalism. In the simplest terms, to â€Å"transcend† means to rise above and beyond the norms of society ¾ not physically, but mentally. Transcendentalists, such as Emerson and Thoreau, believed that for one to determine the ultimate reality of God, the universe, and the self, one had to transcend everyday human experiences. Ideas that form the basisRead MoreBelonging - a Clockwork Orange Essays679 Words   |  3 Pageswill allow a sense of identity, without this we lose our humanity; however, conformity is in a sense a facade of belonging, as it restrains our freedom and forces us to only mimic. My studied texts show how society demands us to conform, yet conformity prevents a sense of true identity being ever created. This notion is elaborated in the novel, A Clockwork Orange. Alex is a criminal who doesn’t belong anywhere within society. In the novel, the government attempts to suppress his criminality by physicallyRead MoreThe Movie Cool Hand Luke 1164 Words   |  5 Pagesand killed. After viewing the movie â€Å"Cool Hand Luke† there were three main psychological themes that were very prevalent on the basis of the film. The three Psychological themes consisted of Obedience to Authority, Conformity, and Nonconformity meaning that it will be addressed how society affects the way individuals behave, think, and feel. First and foremost, The first thing that is going to be addressed within prevalence in the film is obedience to authority. Obedience to Authority can be definedRead More Women Conform More than Men Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesWomen Conform More than Men Studies over the years have shown a higher rate of conformity among women than men. Psychologists have attributed this difference to many areas, such as personality traits, differing views of conformity, social status, and situational forces. The following research and studies illustrate the findings which confirm this hypothesis. Personality Traits of Men vs. Women According to Eagley, Wood, and Fishbaugh (1981), women are more concerned than men about

Pros and Cons of traditional absorption costing techniques Essay Example For Students

Pros and Cons of traditional absorption costing techniques Essay Outline1 Introduction2 Executive sum-up3 Why ABC was implemented.4 Why does the company need either soaking up costing or ABC5 Why company demand Absorption Costing6 Why companies need Activity Based Costing7 What are the differences between Absorption bing and ABC8 3. What stairss would the company demand to take if it was to present an ABC system ( presently has soaking up bing ) ?9 Stairss Required in ABC10 Differences between an allotment, allotment and soaking up rate.11 BILBLIOGRAPHY Introduction The intent of this study is to discourse the advantages and disadvantages of Traditional soaking up and Activity based costing. In add-on, analysis will be carried as to why a company needs either the Traditional based costing or the Activity based costing. Differences between both stairss will be looked into. Furthermore, this study will besides see, accounts of an allotment, an allotment, soaking up rates and suggestions will besides be made as to what method is suited. Executive sum-up This study has been put together to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of ABC and soaking up costing. Research have been exhaustively done to work out the job originating from the usage of soaking up costing, coupled some few illustration as to how ABC works. Why ABC was implemented. Activity based costing was implemented in the United provinces in the twelvemonth 1890, by Robert Kaplan and William Burns, who brought the constructs of ABC to existence. It was implemented to undertake jobs faced with traditional soaking up costing, which is unable to acknowledge exactly the factual cost of procedures for strong direction determinations. ( Naron, D.2009 ) . Originally, ABC s country of specialization was the fabrication industry, where, technological development and productiveness betterments reduced the per centum of direct, labour and material costs. However, it caused an expansion in the per centum of indirect or operating expense costs ( CIMA planetary, November 2008 ) . An Activity based costing is said to be a type of system which allocates overhead to each chief activity in an administration, thereby ensuing to legion cost pools. It so allocates the cost of activity to the merchandise, services or other cost objects that caused the activity . On the other manus, Traditional soaking up costing technique is the type which at first allocates all operating expense to the production and service cost Centres section of an administration and so reallocates service section costs to the production sections, ( Drury,2006, p.349 ) However, there are points to observe, in finding the most suited. Why does the company need either soaking up costing or ABC Why company demand Absorption Costing Absorption costing is indispensable for a company, because all cost are aimed to be recovered and identified into merchandise or service as to organize the footing for the rating of stock list and pricing. However, merely overheads that are straight connected to the production of stock list can be recovered. In a company, entire soaking up costing will retrieve all cost from each section that are involved in production, and industry. One of the major jobs that might happen is that all cost might non be identified until the terminal of the accounting period. Why companies need Activity Based Costing Activity based costing are needed, to bring forth a perfect cost for each merchandise. The apprehension behind this method is that, necessary computation is expected to be accurate in order to command cost. In other words, directors do non desire to take the hazard of holding to do determinations based on imprecise informations provided by the soaking up technique, as competition is increasing. Recently, soaking up costing has failed to carry through the outlook of the new fabrication industrial environment. However soaking up bing besides lacks edification, while allotment of direct cost has failed to reflect the original distribution of cost, so activity based costing is aimed to rectify this defect. Furthermore, ABC, has been brought into being to for better allotment of costs, for disbursals to be traced easy and straight to merchandises or services, and measuring for quality sweetening chances. ( Narong, D.2009 ) .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 , .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 .postImageUrl , .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 , .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3:hover , .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3:visited , .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3:active { border:0!important; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3:active , .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Patriotism EssayWhat are the differences between Absorption bing and ABC Absorption bing makes usage of direct labor and machine hr to apportion their costs while ABC makes usage of cost pools and cost drivers as footing of allotment. Under ABC technique, cost pools are allocated to objects based on how much of the activity is consumed by the objects , ( Stratton, W.et al.2009 ) while cost driver is any signifier of activity that drives cost. ( Drury, C.2006 ) Furthermore soaking up bing uses a solitary accretion of cost, this cost are non identifiable straight, being portion of cost of labor or merchandise. Examples of this cost include, allotment of direction rewards, cost of care and disbursals and eventually depreciation. Activity based costing consume smaller targeted cost that increases based on activities. In service operations, such as Bank, Accountancy, Administration, Architecture and Insurance complex companies make usage of Activity based bing since their services are non of volume. 3. What stairss would the company demand to take if it was to present an ABC system ( presently has soaking up bing ) ? A company needs to use five stairss in order to finish the purpose of cost recovering. Step 1 is to avoid maintaining separate record for fiscal accounting and direction accounting because many concerns have integrated fiscal accounting and direction accounting systems. A company can easy follow single merchandise or service towards direct cost such as direct stuff and direct labor. The 2nd measure is to sort all cost into certain groups and classs these costs before apportioning them into separate sections. An illustration involves the demand of ciphering entire cost for visible radiation and heat or rent. The 3rd measure is for a company to apportion indirect cost to sections. Furthermore, direct cost can be straight traced to goods and services. In the instance of operating expenses, the applicable procedure is indirect while the chief point is to happen the appropriate portion for allotment. The 4th measure is to reapportion all the cost to production sections because this cost must be recovered into specific merchandises which are merely made in merchandise section. At the 5th measure cost are absorb into concluding merchandise while a suited recovery rate is chosen. The nature of activity will be reflected by the chosen rate. Measure six is about using the soaking up cost into production. Stairss Required in ABC In ABC the three stairss are the same as traditional costing. Meanwhile the 3rd measure is to place those activities that determine the overhead cost such as production. Step four is to place all cost drivers, and appropriate allotment should be made to this cost drivers. In measure five all activity cost driver rate are calculated, this method involve, the division of figure of activity by the entire cost for a cost driver. Step six is to absorb both direct and indirect cost into a merchandise or service. Differences between an allotment, allotment and soaking up rate. Harmonizing to ( Drury, C 2006 ) , an allotment is said to be a process for delegating cost, when there is no being for a direct step for a measure of resources used up by a peculiar cost object. That is, cost that can non be traced straight, to a peculiar object will be assigned to a cost object. The assignment of indirect costs to a cost object with the aid of a peculiar base is known as an allotment base Harmonizing to ( Lucey, T.2009 ) an allotment, is when cost is been distributed under a figure of cost Centres. Harmonizing to ( Drury, C.2006 ) an soaking up rate is besides described as a cover overhead rate. An soaking up rate is a peculiar operating expense rate used by an full administration or company for bear downing their operating expenses or indirect cost to production, for an accounting period. As overhead soaking up is been calculated earlier than the accounting period, budgeted cost tends to be over or under absorbed. By over soaking up, we mean that operating expense absorbed in the cause of production is greater than the existent operating expense. On the other, under absorbed is when operating expense is lower than existent operating expenses. .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e , .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e .postImageUrl , .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e , .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e:hover , .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e:visited , .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e:active { border:0!important; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e:active , .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Human Resource Management Of Standard Chartered Bank EssayIn decision to the all the above analysis, ABC is the most suited type of bing because: Research and study has proved that it is best method, adopted by most fabrication and service companies. It is every bit good utile for doing direction determinations such as planning, budgeting and to reexamine the public presentation of an administration. BILBLIOGRAPHY Drury, C. ( 2006 ) Cost and Management accounting. Sixth edition. Bedford Row, London: Thompson Learning. Jones, M. ( 2006 ) Management Accounting, Second Edition. British Library Cataloguing -in-Publication Data Proctor, R. ( 2009 ) . Managerial Accounting for Business Decisions, Fourth Edition. FT Prentice Hall. Pearson Education. Narong, D ( 2009 ) Activity-Based Costing and Management Solutions to Traditional Shortcomings of Cost Accounting. Cost Engineering.Morgantown.51 ( 8 ) August, pp.11-22. Stratton, W.et Al ( 2009 ) Activity-Based Costing: Is It Still Relevant? Management Accounting Quarterly, 2009.Vol. 10, Iss.3, spring, p.A 31-40A hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/cid_tg_activity_based_costing_nov08.pdf.pdf

The Main Objectives of Heifer International Organization

The main objective of Heifer International is to end poverty and hunger by facilitating programs through which individuals can obtain livestock and tree seedlings.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Main Objectives of Heifer International Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organization offers extensional training to members of a community to ensure the success of its programs and encourages beneficiaries of Heifer International to give at least one of the female offspring of the livestock to another member of the community who has undergone training. By embracing the Pass on the Gift strategy, the organization ensures it realizes its initiatives and goals on a large scale and uplifts a significant number of people. As a nonprofit organization, Heifer International sources for funds from individuals and organizations and may enter into partnerships with foundations, corporations and governments inv olved in projects to create wealth and opportunities. Apart from training individuals on appropriate animal husbandry, Heifer International incorporates various elements of sustainable development education, which enlightens beneficiaries on the management of the income generated from animal products or plants. The organization acknowledges the fact that keeping people out of poverty is a complicated process, which requires the adoption of approaches in the social and economic context to ensure the growth of the initial investment. The US Agency for International Aid (USAID) considers aspects of the management of an individual project and the project portfolio in making the decision to fund an organization. Considerations regarding effective portfolio management entail the cost effectiveness of projects and their impacts on the target population or community. Cost effective projects highlight the likelihood of success of the strategic goals while projects with unclear cost estimates indicate the underlying hurdles and inefficiencies in the implementation process. To make an appropriate decision regarding the funding of Heifer International programs, the USAID needs to embrace evaluation procedures that will provide rough estimates on the gains of the beneficiaries in terms of the income, nutrition and wealth derived from livestock and seedlings (Hooft and Terry 113). The estimates of the beneficiaries’ gain should indicate a sense of relationship between the expenditures on Heifer International programs and the socioeconomic benefits associated with the programs. A case study on Heifer International programs in Uganda illustrates the comprehensiveness of the organization’s programs and the viability of USAID funding the projects on livestock and plants. The Uganda project entailed the organization of families into projects based on a variety of animals with each family obtaining a cow, pig, goat or fish.Advertising Looking for essay on busin ess economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Each family had to meet the conditions set by Heifer International, which included the participation of a member from each family in a series of training sessions, preparation of a shed for the expected animal and planting of appropriate fodder crops. The emphasis on zero grazing eliminated the challenges relating to the ownership of large sizes of land because most of the poor families own small pieces of land. Heifer International programs thrive on twelve cornerstones, which include sustainability and self-reliance, nutrition and income, training and education, accountability and spirituality (Clements 18). The Uganda families benefitted in other ways such as strategies to improve sanitation, education and gender equality, which are some of the key hurdles to the improvement of the standards of living in developing countries. Heifer International programs contribute positively to t he enhancement of leadership skills by encouraging project groups to elect leaders who oversee the collection of dues and new development activities. The focus on the long-term goals of Heifer International programs is evident by the decision to employ extension workers with veterinary skills and experience to support farmers in the early stages of their projects. The veterinary workers organize the training of new members from within the project groups to ensure self-reliance within families and the community. The fact that Heifer International liaises with government agencies within the target country highlight aspects of transparency and openness in the organization’s programs. Heifer International objectives and policies highlight the organization’s desire to cooperate with other entities that are keen on helping impoverished communities in various parts of the world. The cornerstones of the organization’s projects highlight an opportunity that the USAID can exploit in the administration of civilian foreign aid. Considering that the scope of Heifer International’s activities extends beyond the provision of livestock and seedlings to incorporate various humanitarian activities, the USAID decision to fund the organization would be viable. USAID’s programs on poverty relief, which include assistance to public health and improvement of education, can thrive within the cornerstones of Heifer International programs (Dowling and Chin 78). Furthermore, the USAID seeks to improve the management of agricultural activities in poor countries and collaborating with Heifer International would enhance the penetration and success of its objectives. Heifer International places great emphasis on practices that facilitate the sustainability of the environment, which has become a global interest among agencies such as the USAID.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Main Objectives of Heifer International Organization sp ecifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Heifer International meets the demands that programs supported by the USAID must respect the regulations on economic and environmental sustainability and promotes the USAID’s objective of providing environmental assistance to countries facing the threat of declining natural resources. Works Cited Clements, Paul . â€Å"Evaluating the Cost Effectiveness of Heifer International Country Programs.† Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation 8.18 (2012): 16-28. Print. Dowling, J. Malcolm, and Chin Yap. Happiness and poverty in developing countries: a  global perspective. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Print. Hooft, vantÃŒ , and Terry Wollen. Sustainable livestock management for poverty  alleviation and food security. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, Uk: CABI, 2012. Print. This essay on The Main Objectives of Heifer International Organization was written and submitted by user Amy Campos to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essays

Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essays Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Paper Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Paper Iago is one of the most central and many-layered of Shakespeares villains, though he is also the subject of some controversy. Has Shakespeare created a motiveless malignity, as Coleridge suggested (Shakespearean Criticism, 1960), or is Iago deeper and more destructively sharp and vindictive? Shakespeare presents a deep-rooted paradox within Iago his single-minded conviction and confidence alongside an uncertainty of motive. Iagos importance and his role as Othellos poisoner is perhaps the first thing to consider. Is he simply a catalyst, aiding the inevitable, or does he deliberately orchestrate Othellos end on his own? The duality of Iago is also a vital device used by Shakespeare to illustrate his character Iago is such a gifted actor that no other character even has the opportunity to suspect that he is dishonest. The juxtapositioning of honesty and lies, good and evil, jealousy and trust, are also key techniques employed by Shakespeare to demonstrate Iagos power. The depth of both Shakespeares and Iagos language and use of imagery and extended metaphor is also suggestive of how layered the character is. It is difficult, perhaps impossible, to fathom Shakespeares original intentions for Iago. What must be noted is how different he is from the character in the tale by Cinthio from which Othello was drawn. The Ensign is given a name and much more subtlety than in the original story. The motives and reasoning behind Iagos actions are also key to the movement of the plot. His role as a many-faceted representation of the evils in humanity makes him a fascinating device vital to the sense of tragedy and inevitability that surrounds the play. The importance of Iago is something that must first be examined when considering his character. All of Shakespeares characters are constructs, but there is some question as to what Iagos role actually is, and how important he is to the storyline. It has been suggested that Iago merely induces what would have happened to Othello anyway. Brabantios ominous words in I. 3 are a herald to what may come, and have nothing whatsoever to do with Iago. He warns Othello that Desdemona has deceived her father, and may you. Perhaps it was such comments that drove Othello to his demise, and would have done so even in Iagos absence. However, Shakespeares emphasis on Iago and the thick irony surrounding him suggest that he is much more that just a catalyst. Several times in the first act he is called honest Iago, and then referred to by Othello as a man of honesty and trust (I. 3). This use of dramatic irony draws attention to the character, as the audience already know that Iago harbours a strong hatred for Othello. Emphasis is placed on this by way of Iagos soliloquies. He is the only character to have several asides, which is unusual as it is usually the central character that requires these. They are necessary in Iagos case because the audience needs an insight into the workings of Iagos mind. Shakespeare could be showing Iagos vital role if it were not for his complete skills in deceiving the other characters, Othello would not believe that his wife could be adulterous. Iago himself says that because Othello trusts him so well, the better shall [his] purpose work on him. He also says that the Moor is of a free and open nature, suggesting that without Iago, Othello would have no reason to doubt Desdemonas faithfulness as he takes things at face value. Iagos relationship with Roderigo must also be noted. Roderigo clearly would not have attempted to pursue Desdemona without Iago suggesting this. However, whether this is the case with Othello is under some doubt. Iagos importance largely depends on the audiences perception of Othello. If the audience sympathises with the Moor and believes him to have been cruelly deceived through no fault of his own, then Iago is clearly to blame for his downfall. If, however, the audience believes that Othellos undoubted faith in Iago is foolish, then they might choose to think that it was Othellos character flaw, not Iagos deception, which is at fault. The duality of Iagos character is what makes Othellos downfall possible and all the more poignant. He is a complete deceiver an actor who manipulates everyone around him entirely so that the truth is hidden beneath many layers of different lies. Even the audience, who have a particularly close relationship with Iago through his soliloquies, may be unsure as to exactly what the truth is and what simply suits Iago at the moment he says it. His obscurity and rapidly changing fai ades mean that Iagos real self is difficult to discern. The fact that no one even suspects that Iago is dishonest, and even believe him over other characters, is vital to the plot. Usually, Iago does not simple push other characters into courses of action they would have taken anyway, but reshapes their perceptions so that they believe things that are not remotely true. He swears to Roderigo that he will enjoy Desdemona the next night following (IV. 2), even though Desdemona has no interest in him. This is an example of Iagos absolute manipulation skills. Iago is the closest character to the audience, and this in itself represents how two-sided he is. Shakespeare, as a dramatist, would clearly be closely involved in the production of a play, and may have been alluding to the lie of an actor through Iago playing different roles, forever switching between performances and displaying another facet that is at once separate to and at one with them. It also should be noted, from a dramatic point of view, that the character of Desdemona must be played to perfection for the deception of Iago to succeed. If Desdemona appears to be flawed and unchaste, as Iago suggests, the real tragic power of the play may be lost. The move to Cyprus also presents another side of Iago. In Venice, he was skulking in shadows and calling up at windows, while in Cyprus, he seems free to observe and destroy without hindrance. Shakespeare presents a kind of uncertainty within Iago, and the playwrights motives for him are unclear. Is it true that Othello has done [Iagos] office twixt [his] sheets, or has Iago convinced himself of this to give himself a motive? It could be that Shakespeare intends Iago to be motiveless no more than a construct to represent the unfathomable evil that is inside every human. Although Iago proclaims I do hate [Othello] as I do hell-pains, we are never given a clear reason why. If Shakespeare is using him as a general symbol of evil, it may be that he did not want him to have a reason; it does not matter why, only that his hatred is so strong, so powerful, and so extreme, that it is all that is driving him. In some ways, a motiveless evil is more frightening and more powerful than one with a reason. However, it is also possible that Iago is a many-layered creation, and as such has multiple motives. Primarily, it could be said that Iago is driven by jealousy stronger and more general jealousy than Othellos, and perhaps this helps him to feed the Moors obsession. At first, Iago is a typical stage villain, delighting in the destruction of character he is bringing about simply for sport and profit. Later, though, he demonstrates his envy of something he believes he can never attain the daily beauty that Cassio possesses. He believes himself to be ugly, and it is possible that something primitive and instinctive inside him is transforming his shame into vindictive malice. Anger about his low position could also drive him he feels he has been denied his right to lieutenancy by a Florentine almost damned in fair wife. The way that Shakespeare provides many different motives for Iago could be a technique to confuse the audience and demonstrate that Iagos deception extends to everyone, possibly even himself. Metaphors and imagery run deep in Othello, and some would say the characters themselves are nothing but metaphors for aspects of the human condition. Taking this view, Iago would be the selfishness and spite that most people possess but usually do not act upon. Interesting, then, are Roderigos final words: O inhuman dog! Is Roderigo wrong in calling Iago inhuman, when surely all humans possess the characteristics Iago displays? Perhaps what makes us human, and better than animals, is that we possess these feelings and flaws but do not act upon them we have restraint. This presents a sharp paradox what makes us human is restraint, but by suppressing ourselves we are denying the very emotions that make us different from animals. In Iagos speeches, the imagery he uses often involves animals beast, old black ram, hot as goats, prime as monkeys and this technique could be employed to demonstrate Iagos carnal side. He does not behave civilly and reasonably as a human would, but acts on primal instinct to get what he wants without thinking of others, like an animal. He also refers to plants when speaking, using the analogy of roots to describe how Cassio supposedly kissed him, he speaks of how neither poppy nor mandragora will cure Othello, and uses a continued metaphor of a garden when talking to Roderigo (I. ). This choice of words conjures up images of crawling roots and plants spreading out among the characters of the play. These roots could symbolise the influence of Iago how he has managed to affect everyone around him. He changes the way others speak for example, when he talks to Othello, the Moors response is simple Ha, I like not that. Iagos intelligence and sharpness of wit cannot be matched by the other characters, except perhaps Desdemona. A further motif used throughout the play is that of perception, eyes and seeing. This could be linked to the stereotypes Iago seems to so enjoy fuelling. Prejudices and stereotypes are representative of the common eyes that people use to look at someone or something. In the play, the common prejudice is that Othello, as a Moor, is evil and animalistic. Iago feeds this, but it is then shown to be untrue. Iago then seems to reintroduce the stereotype and play on the judgements people make. Iago himself is an exercise in contradiction and juxtaposition. He says one thing and means another, appears one way and then shows he is not at all like that. In Act II. 1, Shakespeare presents an exchange between Desdemona and Iago that serves to create a paradox Desdemona is the epitome of all that is good in humanity, while Iago is a device employed to display all the more undesirable characteristics. Desdemona plays a truly innocent and faithful wife while Iago claims that all women are Saints in [their] injuries, devils being offended. And yet, Iago is still deferential and still addresses her as gentle lady. Desdemona calls him fool, but his behaviour elsewhere would suggest that he is anything but. His marriage to Emilia is also worthy of analysis. Although he feels that she obeys him he speaks harshly and cruelly to her, calling her a good wench, snapping at her while she only tries to please him at the end, when she realises his true nature, she refuses to defend him. It is possible that Iago cannot manipulate women as well as he would like to. In this play, women are seen as the only honest creatures, and it is Emilia who finally reveals Iagos deception, and Desdemona who dies without defending herself, still deeply in love with her husband. The fact that Iago does not truly understand all the facets of women is really his downfall. The final scene also presents us with new contradictions. Previously, Iagos power was in his well-chosen words. Now, however, he says nothing, claiming that from this time forth, I never will speak word. Despite this, he still seems to dominate the exchange; he is the only one who knows everything that has happened, and he is now almost the sole topic of conversation. He is referred to, strangely, as a Spartan dog (V. 2), which seems to be a strange paradox. The Spartans were a proud, brave and terrible people, while dog implies a lowly, fearful, evil creature. It is possible that his bravery, cunning and maliciousness matches the Spartans, while he darker, subtler side is that of a dog. Iago is possibly what makes Othello so different from other Shakespearean tragedies. While every other tragic hero inevitably falls because of one fatal flaw, in Othello there is still a what if? remaining. What if Iago is taken out of the picture? Would the Generals demise have been so sudden and striking? Would it have happened at all? Iago is an instrumental plot device, the key to the poignancy of the tragedy. In Iago, Shakespeare has created an absolute villain, one that the audience perhaps cannot feel sympathy for. In some ways, this is because he is so utterly callous and inhuman that the audience cannot comprehend his motives. And yet, there is always the dark uncertainty that the reason Iago is so powerfully evil is because he represents all the envy, desire and malignity that every human possesses.

Understanding Latins Third Declension Cases and Endings

Understanding Latin's Third Declension Cases and Endings A good bet for a Latin noun whose nominative singular ends in -a is that it is a feminine noun of the First Declension. Likewise, a noun ending in -us in the nominative singular is likely Second Declension masculine. There are exceptions, but guessing those is a good starting place. Its not so easy when you get the nouns belonging to the Third Declension. According to William Harris: The 3rd Declension is in a sense a catch-all for various stem-types, and can be very confusing. According to James Ross 18th-century Latin grammar, the nominative singular of a third declension noun may end in: a (of Greek origin [for more on declining Greek nouns in Latin, see Latin Third Declension Nouns of Greek Origin]), e, o, c (rare), d, l, n, r, s, t (caput and compounds), or x Also, he describes the endings used by different genders: Nouns can be masculine (especially with endings in -er, -or, -os, -n, or -o); feminine (especially -do, and -go endings); or neuter (especially nouns ending in -c, -a, -l, -e, -t, -ar, -men, -ur, or -us) in gender. Basic 3rd Declension Types Third Declension nouns may have a consonantal or i-stem. Consonantal Note: For the consonantal stems, it may take some practice to figure out where to add the endings, although, the dictionary form should make this clear. The usual genitive ending of third declension nouns is -is. The letter or syllable before it usually remains throughout the cases. For the masculine and feminine, the nominative replaces the -is ending of the singular with an -es for the plural. (Remember: neuter plural nominatives and accusatives end in -a.) Similarly, the dative plural is formed from the singular with the addition of -bus. Sometimes the root vowel appears to change, as in our second paradigm word below, opus, operis, n. First, here are the consonantal stems endings: Singular (the Second Form Is for the Neuter) NOM. -/-GEN. -is/-isDAT. -i/-iACC. -em/-ABL. -e/-e Plural NOM. -es/-aGEN. -um/-umDAT. -ibus/-ibusACC. -es/-aABL. -ibus/-ibus Using rex, regis, m. (king), here is the paradigm: Singular NOM. rexGEN. regisDAT. regiACC. regemABL. regeLOC. regi or regeVOC. rex Plural NOM. regesGEN. regumDAT. regibusACC. regesABL. regibusLOC. regibusVOC. reges Using opus, operis n. (work), here is the paradigm: Singular NOM. opusGEN. operisDAT. operiACC. opusABL. opereLOC. operi or opereVOC. opus Plural NOM. operaGEN. operumDAT. operibusACC. operaABL. operibusLOC. operibusVOC. opera I-Stems Some nouns of the third declension are called i-stem nouns; still, others are mixed i-stem. I-stem nouns have a genitive plural ending in -ium. Their ablative may not end in -e, but may instead end in -i. Other cases may also replace the -e- with an -i-, so you might see an accusative singular ending in -im. A neuter i-stem noun, animal, animalis (animal), looks a little different from other neuter 3rd declension nouns in the plural because of the i which makes the nominative and accusative plural of animal: animalia. The word for sea, mare, maris, is another neuter i-stem noun. Hostis, hostis is a generally masculine i-stem noun, but hostis can be feminine. The fact that the nominative and genitive is the same for this masculine or feminine noun indicates that its an i-stem. You would decline the name of Caesar thus: Caesar, Caesaris, Caesari, Caesarem, Caesare Sample 3rd Declensions Nouns Declined PugillaresOs

Cause of Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cause of Action - Essay Example Rob and Bunny Sherman and the tort law seems to be one of the most essential laws concerning the personal injury suffered by Rob Jr. As Mr. Bunny wants to bring suit against the Church of the Divine Light which caused personal injury his son by intentional torts, false imprisonment etc of Rob Jr., the best legal move will be in this line. There is vital evidence about Rob Jr. being tricked, falsely imprisoned, mentally threatened, psychologically oppressed, and illegally compelled to demand money from his parents. All these harassments and mental as well as personal injury suffered by plaintiff’s son indicate the possibility of taking civil action on the law of tort, undue influence, coercion, holding a person against his will etc. Also, legal action can be taken, on expert recommendation, against the Church of the Divine Light which is not an organized or registered church. The cause of action in the given case includes suing against Mr. Tom Marsden who was responsible for the civil wrongdoing against the plaintiff’s son and the law of torts serves best in this case. The case under discussion provides cause of action relating to law of tort, especially, intentional tort. â€Å"An intentional tort is any deliberate interference with a legally recognized interest, such as the rights to bodily integrity, emotional tranquility, dominion over property, seclusion from public scrutiny, and freedom from confinement or deception. These interests are violated by the intentional torts of assault, battery, trespass, false imprisonment, invasion of privacy, conversion, misrepresentation, and fraud.† (Tort Law) http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Tort+Law Significantly, four objectives are served by this law of torts. Thus, Mr. Rob can seek compensation for the injuries his son has suffered by the culpable action of the defendant.

Concepts of Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Concepts of Criminal Law - Essay Example Certain defenses arise from these acts which led to the prosecution of Johnny. In the crime of possession of the Nutria, the state maintains that the act is that of strict liability, however, though the act of carrying the Nutria is a capital offence, there lacks the level of Mens Rea whereby, the defendant did not knowingly or intentionally possess the Nutria with the knowledge of its illegality. The defendant, Johnny Juneau, lives a conservative and segregated life in the woods, where the new change in rule of law has not traversed. Henceforth, the jury should not convict him of the crime however much ignorance of the Law is no defense. Proof that the level of Mens Rea required to convict Johnny lacks in this case, can be given by the town’s people who know him well, those that know he has not been in town for a long time. In the case of gas theft, the defense presents that Johnny was acting under a mistake of fact. In his last visit to town, the rates for gas were $1.4 per gallon, and on arriving at the gas station, Johnny believed the sign that read $4.42 per gallon was a mistake. He believed it true that the 4 was supposed to be one and therefore borrowed the ladder, with the assumption that the law permits self help. The case is a case of specific intent, whereby, Johnnie did not intend on taking control of the storekeeper’s property, however, he only meant to do good by correcting â€Å"the mistake†. In the case of gas theft, the evidence provided clearly outlines that the level of Mens Rea required to convict Johnny does not exist. Johnny was acting under a mistake of fact, and good intentions. Due to this reasons the Jury should not convict him for the crime. The accusation that Johnny murdered the neighbor does not suffice since first the unlawful act that can lead to murder (Actus Reus) did not exist since he only placed a ladder to change the gas store sign. Then the thought of acting in such a manner that the neighbor would die does not exist thereby lacking the necessary level of Mens Rea required to convict him does not exist. Johnny is still innocent on grounds of negligence since it is not his fault there existed a live wire that was the negligence of the storekeeper. Johnny therefore lacked the knowledge nor the intent to kill anyone when he decided to borrow the ladder. The Judges Decision Johnny appears to be a victim of circumstances, since his innocent motives seem to lead to crimes. All cases seem to lack the necessary Mens Rea required to convict Johnny. In the Judges perspective, the best way to resolve this would be critically analyzing the facts of the case, and the statutes of Law, to be able to come to a reasonable decision. In the case of possession of Nutria it is the duty of the state, to make known any sudden amendments in the laws of the state, and it is the duty of the citizens to carefully study and follow the rules of law. In Johnny’s case of Nutria possession, Johnny lives in the woods, a segregated and conservative life and there is no reasonable way that the change in law reached him, therefore, though there exists ignorance of Law, the State cannot convict Johnny since the facts presented prove that he lacked the level of Mens Rea that would otherwise convict him. In the case of theft of gas, the evidence pro

Life on the Western Front Essay Example for Free

Life on the Western Front Essay The First World War was a shattering experience for all Europeans, both soldiers and civilians. Memoirs show that soldiers expressed a wide variety of views on the war. Some soldiers enjoyed the war and some hated it, but most were unable to decide how they felt about it. In this essay I will be examining whether or not official accounts of the Western Front more accurate than personal accounts. I will survey several sources and try to draw a conclusion. Soldiers in the war were allowed little correspondence. Their letters and postcards sent home were censored to the point of very little detail. They were only allowed to write about family, friends and their health, as can be seen on the field service postcard, source A1. The honour clause was a statement all soldiers had to sign to confirm they were not writing about anything else other than private family matters. The honour clause also gave the officials permission to examine the contents of the postcard/letter e.g. Green envelope source A2. The officials censored letters and postcards because they didnt want people back home to know too much and also because they didnt want the Germans to accidentally find out their plans. They were able to do this under the defence of the Realm Act 1916. Postcards and letters were limited because the government wanted to maintain high morale on people back home so that recruitment would not be affected. The postcards are useful to historians studying the Western Front because it shows how little time the soldiers had. They also tried to be more optimistic when writing back home to family and friends. This is because they didnt want them to worry too much so tried to keep a happy tone in their letters. I personally think letters in the personal section give the most information about trench life because in the official account the trenches are shown as they are meant to be, not as they actually are. Whereas in the personal account soldiers describe what the trenches are like. About six feet in depth, they were floored with duckboards and were wide enough for two men to pass comfortably. Some of the letters in the personal account are similar. Many soldiers wrote about the same things i.e. light-hearted happy conversations. I got your letter today and you seem quite cheery so as long as Doras all right alls well with the world. So as to not worry their family and friends. The letters and postcards in the official and personal section do not give off the same impression of life on the Western Front. For example, Teddy Bennett who was a second lieutenant of the twenty-ninth battalion of the Machine Gun Corps described the trenches as eighteen inches and only three feet deep , only big enough for a drain pipe. But George Coppard wrote that the trenches were in very good condition and were about six feet in depth enough for two men to pass through comfortably. These two clearly show that trenches varied in condition. The majority of soldiers used the same tone and wrote about similar things effectively censoring themselves. The letters and postcards do not give the same impression of life on the Western Front as other sources. The other sources i.e. photos showed soldiers dieing cruel deaths and suffering from severe injuries and diseases. I dont think this type of evidence, personal and official, gives a totally accurate view of life on the Western Front but they are useful as evidence of soldiers feelings and opinions. Official war artists were commissioned by the government to paint pictures/images of the war. Fortunino Matanaia and C.R Nevinson are examples of war artists. Paul Nash was a front line soldier for four months in 1917 but was sent home after an accident. He was then sent back to the Western Front as an official war artist. He was ordered not to show any dead bodies in his pictures. He gave off a peaceful and honourable impression of the war. The content of some of the paintings in the official section are not reliable because they censored dead bodies. I dont think these paintings in the official section are an expression of opinion because the artists were told what to hide what to draw. The painting by John Singer showing soldiers blinded by gas seems fairly accurate to me because it was painted in 1918 and during that time many soldiers suffered from tear gas that caused temporary blindness. The painting is very similar to source A5, a photo. I think source A4, the photo showing two British troops in anti -phosgene masks manning a Vickers machine-gun, was posed to show those back home that anti-phosgene masks were provided for soldiers so more volunteers would sign up to join the army. I think it was posed because until after 1916 there were no more volunteers and conscription was introduced. My feelings towards source A9, a photo of two men badly disabled from the war which might have been used for propaganda purposes, is sympathy. But soldiers would not want pity because they felt proud. This is one of the differences of the two generations. I think that they feel the need to smile to show they are strong and they probably think they have to put on a brave face so their loved-ones wont worry. Sources B9-B13 are more gruesome compared to the sources in the official account. The reasons for the difference are officials wanted to conceal all the gruesome deaths that the British soldiers had and only took photos of their peaceful deaths. I think photos, official and personal, are quite accurate as source of information on the Western Front for a variety of purposes. Punch was a British humorous political magazine. It contained anti-German propaganda. The main purpose of political cartoons is to get a message across in a more entertaining way. I think source A10 is very useful to historians studying soldiers attitudes to life on the Western Front because it shows that soldiers were pessimistic and found trench life difficult to handle. I dont think source A13 is reliable. This is because the cartoon was taken from a British political magazine and the Germans were the enemy so they would have wanted to make the Germans look bad. There are a few hints of bias in sources A14 and A15, for example Our operations, in conjunction with the French, definitely stopped the German attack, and it has not since been removed. and We progressed North Poziers and hear High wood and Delville extremely severe enemy losses. This is because the articles were written by the British and also because they were official. Based on what I have read I dont think cartoons an d newspaper are reliable. Although it is useful for historians studying soldiers humour. The most famous war poets are Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen. Seigfried Sassoon serviced was an officer who suffered from shell shock and had come to the conclusion that the War was pointless. He was sent home on sick leave in 1916. During his second visit to France his views on war became more doubtful about the way in which war was being conducted from a military point of view. By July 1916 he was well enough to return to duty but he couldnt bring himself to do so, so he wrote a statement which he regarded as an act of wilful defiance of military authority. The officials found this hilarious and he was ordered to attend a Medical Board at Chester in July 16th but he failed to attend. A Second Board was arranged at Liverpool on July 20th, which he attended and it was recommended that he be sent to Craiglockhart. Wilfred Owen spent the winter on 1916-7 on the front line but was then sent home on sick leave. He returned to the front on 1st September 1918 and was killed on 4th November, seven days before the war ended. He was awarded the Military Cross. Many of the poems were about warfare and the effects of gas and bombardment. For example Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen tells the story of a phosgene gas attack as troops were making their way back from the front line. This poem is backed up by source A5. It is possible that these poems are exaggerated because the soldiers might have been suffering from depression and by writing these poems they were drowning their sorrows. I dont think the poems are inaccurate because they are from soldiers views. Many of the poems are making a specific point i.e. Does it Matter and For the Fallen written by Siegfried Sassoon. The poem Suicide in the trenches by Siegfried Sassoon tells the story of a simpler soldier boy who fought in the war and couldnt cope so committed suicide expresses anti-war sentiment. The poem Returning, we hear the larks written by Isaac Rosenberg also expresses anti-war sentiment. In the poem Dulce et Decorum Est the title is Latin saying Dulce et Decorum est pro patria mori meaning It is sweet and noble to die for your country. I think it is used in the last line because the soldiers die in the end and the poet is saying it is sweet and noble of them. Also to highlight the wrong. Overall, these poems are quite accurate as evidence of life on the Western Front because they are soldiers points of views and this was the only way they were allowed to express their feelings. Siegfried Sassoon was decided as having mental illnesses because he didnt agree with the way war was conducted. As a result of this he was admitted into a mental hospital to be treated for shell shock. My opinion of the war poets are they were all depressed and found war difficult so they wrote poems to show this. I think they can be relied upon as they are the thoughts and feelings of soldiers. Which cannot be ignored and tend to highlight the variety of experience on the Western Front. The conditions of the trenches were often very bad. The mud was often deep and became very muddy whenever it rained. The trenches were lined with sandbags and collapsed as they filled with water causing the sides to rupture. The trenches were always shelled by enemy artillery which destroyed the sandbags and sides of the trenches so needed frequent repair. Barbed wire lined the outside of the trenches to keep the enemy from attacking. Many soldiers experienced illnesses and diseases whilst living in the trenches. Trench foot was a common disease which many soldiers got by standing in mud for too long. To prevent this from spreading the soldiers rubbed whale oil on to their feet everyday. Being bitten by lice was also very common in the trenches. They tried to prevent this by running a lighted candle along the seams of their clothing but this only killed the lice, not their eggs. The lice carried a disease called trench fever. I think sources A9, B3, B13 would be most useful to historians wanting to find out about the morale of the soldiers. The people today view the war a lot differently compared to the people who lived through it. When you step back and take a closer look at the picture you see things differently. Overall, I have a fairly accurate view of life on the Western Front from looking at personal and official accounts. I have found both, official and personal, accounts useful. I cant really put together an accurate picture of what life on the Western Front was actually like using personal accounts because the soldiers may not remember what happened to give an accurate description and would be bias against Germans. The official account has been censored so that also is not really reliable. Therefore I think that by looking at both accounts would give a clearer picture.

Lord Of The Flies Response Essays -- essays research papers

Lord of the Flies Response Ben Sherry Civilization 9/10/96 There were a lot of underlying reasons to why the boys' civilization failed in the book The Lord of The Flies. They had many problems with each other because the group was split up among friends. One group would go out and do one thing, while the other group would do another. This led to many more problems, such as deciding and agreeing on a leader, who would do what jobs, and most importantly, which of the boys would become the leader of the crew. Futhermore, the boys all seem to dislike Jack and Roger. This will make it extremely hard for either of them to stop singing. Like my father. So, that eliminates them from the picture. Simon and Rex don't seem to be helping much, and When all the boys met each other on the island, th...

Spatial Database Systems and Management Multidimensional Discrete Data

Spacial database systems offer the underlying database technology for geographic information systems and other applications. Several terms have been used to describe database systems offering such support, including pictorial image, geometric, geographic, and spatial. The terms pictorial database system and image arise from the fact that the data to be managed are often initially captured in the form of digital raster images, remote sensing by satellites, or compuer tomography in medical applications. Spatial database management involves two main categories of data: vector and raster data. The former has received a lot of in-depth investigation; the latter still lacks a sound frmaework. Current DBMSs either regard raster data as pure byte sequence where the DBMS has no knowledge about the underlying semantics, or they do not complement array structures with storage mechanisms suitable for huge arrays, or they are designed as specialized systems with sophisticated imaging functionality, but no general database capabilities. We will discuss some of the aspects of spatial data, spatial databae and it's management. In various fields, there is a need to manage geometric, geographic, or spatial data. The space of interest can be, for example, the 2-D abstraction of the earth's surface, or the images of human body including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), ultrasonography(US), projectional computed radiography (CR) etc. These medical imaging systems have revolutionized the means by which images are acquired, providing views of anatomical cross-sections and physiological state. This revolution in the acquisition of radiological information has not yet brought about a parallel revolution in the intelligent management, visualization, integration, or knowledge extraction from data produced by these digital imaging system. In the discipline of visualization,where the areas of computer graphics, image processing, computer vision, computer-aided design, signal processing, and user interface studies converge into one unifying framework for the processing of visual information, several representation of a scene are distinguished. Kromker (1991) proposes a visualization reference model that is particularly suitable for database investigations because classification is done along the data structure on hand. Three of the six layers introduced in this reference model are relevant for DBMSs that deal with visualization structure: 1. The Symbolic Representation Layer deals with abstract scene descriptions, but without an explicit description of geometry and properties of the entities modeled. 2. The Geometry/Feature Layer covers geometric descriptions, appearance properties, and viewing parameters. Vector graphics would be a subset of such data structure. 3. On the Digital Pixel Layer, a scene is discretized in both space and color, yielding a raster image. A raster image consists of a finite set of points in the discrete coordinate space Z(d) where each point has some value, its color, associated. There is no algorithm that performs reasonably well on any kind of image and under all corcumstances; above all, images frequently contain information that cannot be cast into points, lines, and regions bounded by lines, because the boundary cannot be recognized without doubt (e.g., tumors in medical imagery), or because there is no clear boundary (e.g., density distributions such as clouds in weather satellite images). In summary, both vector and raster representation are important for spatial data management, because each of them has pacific strengths and weaknesses; moreover, both representations are independent from each other in the sense that there is no lossless transformation between them.

Extracting Dna from Human Cheek Cells

The probable reason for the tinted brown shade in the human epithelial DNA and not the strawberry DNA is that human epithelial DNA is extracted from one's mouth in which there can be many germs that could change the color of the original DNA. Furthermore, in order to avoid these germs from affecting the human epithelial cell DNA greatly, the experimenter is only asked to rinse their mouth with distilled water while in truth, Just a rinse with distilled water does not eradicate all possible germs that could be living in one's cheek cells.However, some probably factors for why the strawberry DNA and the human epithelial DNA were so similar Is because both Dana were extracted using the same methods. For Instance, In both experiments detergent and ethanol were used to separate the DNA from the nucleus and proteins Inside the cells. Thus, although there are many differences and similarities between the strawberry and human epithelial DNA, in the end they both had the characteristic of bei ng standstill and clumpy. There were man's steps to this experiment.The major steps in this process of DNA extraction begin with rinsing the experimenter's mouth with plain water, then using a toothpick to scratch the inside of the cheek, and then rinsing the mouth again but this time with distilled water which is eventually spit into a cup. The reason this step is conducted is because it cleans the experimenter's mouth so that germs are limited from entering the cup and detaches the cells Inside the experimenter's cheek. Making them easily come out along with the spit Into the cup In the end.Once this step Is over, the spit In the cup is transferred to a test tube, ml of detergent solution Is added, and the test tubule Is mixed. The spit Is transferred to the test tube because it makes the spit easier handle. Furthermore ml of detergent, also called DEBT solution, is added to the test tubule to help break down the cellular and nuclear membranes of the cells in the spit, thus making the DNA more accessible. Finally, this new solution is mixed so that the DEBT solution is mixed well into the original spit and has caused almost all of the nuclear and cellular membranes to break down.Once these steps are over, ml of ethanol is added to the solution and after waiting for bout 3 to 5 minutes, the DNA can be extracted with an inoculating loop. The reason ethanol is added to this solution is because ethanol breaks the DNA apart from the other organelles inside the cell and does not allow the DNA to dissolve since DNA Is not soluble In alcohol. By not allowing the DNA to dissolve, after the 3 to 5 minutes wait, the DNA will automatically be visible near the top of the solution Inside the ethanol since the DNA can no longer mix with any of the other organelles.Thus, the wait is essential since it gives the DNA time to become visible and once it is, the e seen and touched by the experimenter. With this, the experiment is concluded and the experimenter can decide what th ey wish to do with their DNA. This procedure was effective in several ways. For example, the DEBT solution and the ethanol were extremely important to this experiment and were very effective in separating the DNA so that it was clearly visible towards the end. However, one way this experiment can be improved is by using plastic pliers to extract the DNA at the end of the experiment instead of the inoculating loop.This suggestion would be ore effective since with the inoculating loop there is a lower probability of extracting the DNA successfully than with the plastic pliers. This is because the DNA can slip out of the inoculating loop's loop while it is highly unlikely that the DNA will slip out of the plastic pliers grasp. Therefore, although this experiment was extremely effective, one adjustment that could be made is to replace the inoculating loop with plastic pliers. To conclude, there are many applications in the world where this experiment could be extremely important. One ex ample is law and crime.In court, Just as engineering can be an extremely useful tool in finding the true culprit, using the DNA found at the crime scene can be equally as important. This is because each person's DNA is unique and unlike anyone else's. This can quickly identify who the true culprit is in court and also be extremely helpful in the field of science and genetics as well. This is because DNA is the instructions to life and by studying this DNA, scientists and researchers can soon find ways to not only manipulate but enhance human life. Thus, it can be seen that this experiment can be useful in many different fields of study in today's society.

Reaction of Butanols with Hydrobromic Acid Essay Example

Reaction of Butanols with Hydrobromic Acid Essay Example Reaction of Butanols with Hydrobromic Acid Paper Reaction of Butanols with Hydrobromic Acid Paper For this experiment our primary goal was to observe and note the reaction of butanols with hydrobromic acid. Before the lab began we discussed and proposed mechanisms. (see Mechanisms) To begin this experiment we calculated how much of each material we were going to be using, and the numbers we chose to use differed from our reference text slightly. We used 6. mL of our assigned butanol and only 4 mL of sulfuric acid. Going back to our reaction mechanisms, we were looking at SNI and SN2 reactions, so we of course used the hydrobromic acid as our acid atalyst which would be protonating the hydroxyl group of our butanol, to make a better leaving group, so that the bromine radical would be able to attack the leftover carbocation. Our group used 2-bromobutanol and we expected, from our mechanism, to achieve 2-bromobutane and when we compared our GC results to the prepared sample, our mechanism proved to be true. We did have some small hiccups in our experiment, but less than most of the class, for example, after distillation, when we were drying our organic layer (containing our sample) with anhydrous sodium ulfate, we were unable to achieve to clear color we were told to expect even though our sodium sulfate beads we no longer clumping. We spent extra time trying to gain the clear color for our sample to be run through GC, but eventually had to run it as- is and it turned out to be relatively free of impurities, like the water we thought was left behind. Also, our lab reference called for us to obtain an IR spectrum, but we ran gas chromatography instead and it, along with our prepared reference of possible products, proved Just as successful in identification. We did not measure the melting point of our product either.

15 Top NYC Colleges How to Decide If Theyre Right for You

15 Top NYC Colleges How to Decide If They're Right for You SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips New York is the most populous US city, and there are dozens of colleges in New York City. Should you go to college in NYC? If you want to be close to Gray’s Papaya, Madison Square Garden, Broadway, and Wall Street, then going to schoolin New York City might be a good option. In this article, I’ll provide you with a list oftop-ranked collegesin NYC. Furthermore, I’ll explainthe benefits and disadvantages of attending college in New York City and offer some advice on decidingif you should attend college in NYC. The 15Top-Ranked Schools in NYC I've listed the top-ranked collegesin NYC in the order of their Forbes rankings for the best overall colleges because Forbes includes all colleges in its rankings. TheUS News divides colleges into 4 categories for its rankings: National Universities, National Liberal Arts Colleges, Regional Universities, and Regional Colleges. I listed each school’s category after its US News ranking. The majority of the most prestigious schools are in the National University or National Liberal Arts College category.The Regional Colleges and Universities are still good, but they’re typically not as well-known nationally. Forbes and US News use many variables to determine their rankings. Their ranking methodologies are different, but they both use factors like graduation rates and freshman retention rates in their ranking lists. Forbes focuses more on student outcomes and incorporates alumni salary and student debt in its rankings while US News focuses more on the academic reputations of colleges. There are private and public colleges of varying sizes on the list. The CUNY colleges are the public colleges in New York City. There are four-year CUNY colleges. Also, some of the colleges on the list have a particular focus.Barnard is a women’s college. Cooper Union offers programs exclusively in architecture, fine arts, and engineering. Manhattan College is a Roman Catholic school and Yeshiva University is a Jewish college. School Forbes Ranking US News Ranking Average SAT Score Average ACT Score Acceptance Rate Columbia University #15 #4 (National Universities) 2215 33 7% Barnard College #42 #29 (National Liberal Arts Colleges) 2020 30 21% Cooper Union #73 #2 (Regional Colleges-North) 1987 31 8% New York University #77 #32 (National Universities) 2015 30 32% Fordham University #153 #66 (National Universities) 1870 28 43% CUNY- City College #177 #66 (Regional Universities-North) 1030 (on Reading and Math only) N/A 34% Manhattan College #198 #17 (Regional Universities-North) 1623 25 66% Yeshiva University #209 #52 (National Universities) 1840 26 82% CUNY- Baruch College #262 #32 (Regional Universities-North) 1229 (on Reading and Math only) N/A 27% CUNY- Brooklyn College #280 #83 (Regional Universities-North) 1096 (on Reading and Math only) N/A 28% CUNY- Hunter College #297 #47 (Regional Universities-North) 75 (on Reading and Math only) N/A 31% CUNY- Queens College #308 #47 (Regional Universities-North) 1624 N/A 37% The New School #314 #127 (National Universities) N/A N/A 67% CUNY- Lehman College #409 #6 (Regional Universities-North) 1425 N/A 23% Pace University #443 #180 (National Universities) 1090 (on Reading and Math only) 24 81% Butler Library at Columbia University (Susan Sermoneta/Flickr) Other Popular NYC Colleges New York City is known for its prestigious art schools like thePratt Institute, the Fashion Institute of Technology, andThe Juilliard School. Additional well-known colleges in New York include St. John's University and the other CUNY colleges. Benefits of Going to College in New York City If you go to one of the many colleges in NYC, you'll be able to reap all of these benefits. You’ll Never Be Bored Many colleges are in remote locations. If you ever get tired of on-campus activities, there aren’t a ton of options for off-campus fun.If you go to college in New York City, you’ll be in one of the most vibrant, exciting cities in the world. You’ll have easy access to museums, plays, sporting events, bars, clubs, and restaurants. You can check out The Metropolitan Museum of Art or the Guggenheim. If you're a basketball fan, you can attend a New York Knicks or Brooklyn Nets game. You may want to go see The Book of Mormon on Broadway. If you're like me and you enjoy some programming on The Food Network, you'll probably be excited to try the restaurants of Bobby Flay and Marcus Samuelsson. Many NYC colleges offer deals to students so they can take advantage of New York’s cultural offerings.Through its Arts Initiative, Columbia University offers students free admission to over 30 museums and discounted rates to theater and musical performances.Similarly, NYU Ticket Central offers discounted tickets to movies, Broadway and off-Broadway shows, sporting events, musical performances, and more. The Vine at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (ketrin1407/Flickr) Internship and Job Opportunities One huge advantage of going to college in NYC is that there are so many industries and companies that are based there. There are numerous opportunities for college students to get internships or jobs that will give them meaningful experiences and lead to employment after graduation.Here’s a list of over 200undergraduate intern jobs in NYC on LinkedIn. If you’re interested in theater, fashion, journalism, or finance, there are few cities with more opportunities in those fields than New York. Diversity If you go to a large state school in a college town, you’ll probably be surrounded by mostly traditional college-aged students who are from the state in which the college is located. In NYC, you’ll be able to interact with tons of people from all over the world.There are more foreign-born immigrants who live in NYC than there are people who live in Chicago.You’ll be able to explore the many different ethnic neighborhoods in NYC where you can experience the cuisines and cultures of different nationalities. Especially in today's global economy, graduating college with a global perspective and knowledge of different cultures can benefit you in your professional life. Transportation At many colleges, students often complain that they feel like they’re in a bubble or trapped in a very insulated environment, especially if they don’t have a car and can’t easily get off campus. In New York, you’ll have no issue exploring the city without a car.Between the subway, trains, cabs, and Uber, you shouldn’t have any problem getting around the city or accessing other cities on the east coast.An added bonus is that the subway is pretty cheap and efficient. The Food Maybe I’m only emphasizing food because I really like to eat.When I was in college at Stanford, I remember being hungry late at night, and because I didn’t have a car, I had to convince my roommate to take us to go get some grub. Our only real option off-campus at that time was Jack in the Box, a mediocre fast food establishment. NYC is known for having some of the best restaurants in the world. There are cheap, tasty restaurants, food stands, and food trucks representing every type of food imaginable.If you live on campus and get sick of dorm food, you’ll have access to so many different types of food at all hours.I’m a little jealous that I didn’t have Shake Shack near me when I was in college. You can even get chicken and waffles in NYC! (Arnold Gatilao/flickr) Disadvantages of Going to College in New York City While going to aNew York City college can offer you many advantages and excitement, there are some potential downsides of going to school in NYC. Distractions Since you’re primarily in college to learn, you may find it distracting to try to study and go to class in the â€Å"City That Never Sleeps.†Because you’ll have access to so many social opportunities and entertainment options in New York City, you’ll have to maintain discipline to ensure that you’re taking care of your academic responsibilities. Less School Spirit and Less of an On-Campus Community At colleges in college towns, everything revolves around the college. People sport their school colors with pride, enthusiastically cheer on their sports teams, and seem to have a strong bond with the school. At colleges in New York City, the colleges are a very small part of the city.Students are likely to spend less time on campus because they’re out exploring the city and all it has to offer. There can be less of a sense of community going to school in such an urbanenvironment. Also, none of the colleges in NYC have big-time football programs, and athletics aren’t a huge part of the college experience. If you want to experience cheering on your school in a stadium with 100,000 screaming fans, you won't get that at a New York City college.However, St. John’s does have a storied basketball program, and they play some of their home basketball games in the historic Madison Square Garden. New York City Is Expensive Even though you can find cheap food, discounted tickets to events, and the subway doesn’t cost much, almost everything you do off campus will cost you some money.If you have limited funds, you may not really be able to take advantage of what the city has to offer. Furthermore, if you don’t have money and your friends are going to fancy NYC restaurants and getting tickets to Broadway shows, that can make you feel isolated and negatively impact your college experience. Additionally, housing in the NYC Is extremely pricey.If you don’t live on campus, it can be very difficult to find an affordable place to live. You may end up having to live far from campus or in an undesirable location.As of August 2015, the average price of a one bedroom apartment within 10 miles of NYC was$3245 per month. NYC Can Feel Overwhelming New York City has so many people and so much activity that it can feel like a bit much if you prefer being in an environment with a laid-back vibe.Especially if you’re from a rural or suburban environment, being around so many people who seem to always be in a hurry can make you feel unsettled or claustrophobic. Even simple tasks like getting groceries can become chaotic adventures due to to the throngs of people.My friends who live in New York and love it enjoy a fast-paced lifestyle or are at least unaffected by the hustle and bustle of the city. How Do You Decide If an NYC CollegeIs Right for You? If you've never been to New York City, you should try to visit before committing to attend a college in NYC.New York is such a unique place, and it’s hard to determine if you’d enjoy living there for 4-6 years without ever having visited. Check out some of the different neighborhoods and the colleges there that interest you to get a feel for the city and what it would be like to go to school there. If you love New York when you visit, then going to college there may be a good option for you. Keep in mind, though, that even if you enjoy a visit to New York City, it doesn't necessarily mean that you would enjoy living there. If you visit, try to imagine spending years there going through day-to-day activities to help determine if going to college there would be a good decision for you. Also, take note of the specific locations of different NYC colleges. Each neighborhood within New York City has its own personality and offers a slightly different environment. Remember that you’re deciding on a college, and the location should only be one factor in your college search. You should also consider other factors in a college like the cost, its academic reputation, and the majors offered. Try to find the school that’s the best fit for you. Use guidebooks, search websites, and college finders to help you in the college selection process. I believe that going to college in New York City is a great option for students who enjoy urban environments and thrive on the activity in a big city setting.Consider the benefits and disadvantages of attending college in New York City. Do the pros outweigh the cons for you? If so, then you may want to attend college in The Big Apple. Michael Pick/Flickr What's Next? Maybe you're thinkingthe colleges in NYC aren't right for you after all. Check out our guide to the differenttypes of locations to determine if you might be happier at a suburban or rural school. Regardless of where you decide you want to go to college, make sure you're familiar with the application process and know how to apply. Also, learn strategies for the common application essay prompts. Finally, check out this post on how to write about extracurriculars on your college applications. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Evolution Of The Individual In Hitchcocks Films Assignment

The Evolution Of The Individual In Hitchcocks Films - Assignment Example He took a similar story of false identity in North By Northwest and made a film that was much more lighthearted. Lifeboat and The Wrong Man showed how life could be tolerated and obstacles overcome through the strength of the community and the unity of the family. North By Northwest shows no concern for either of those themes and instead reveals how the individual can overcome even the most dangerous and helpless situation with wit and ingenuity. Lifeboat is the story of a varied group of survivors huddled on a boat after their ship was sunk. In his review when the film was released in 1944, Bosley Crowther in the New York Times describes the storyline of Lifeboat as â€Å"a theme which is startling in its broad implications, especially in this critical time.† Much as the country and all allied forces needed to pull together to win the great conflict, so, too, did the people on the boat have to sublimate their personal interests and prejudices to survive their ordeal. The group of survivors could not be more diverse. There were differences in age, gender, race, wealth, sophistication, even political belief. The whole group eventually learned to work together to overwhelm Willy, the one German on the boat. They acted like â€Å"a pack of wild dogs,† according to Francois Truffaut.   As the story progressed, the survivors on the boat changed to support the group. The most notable example of this was the character of Connie, a society columnist. The word snooty could be used to describe her attitude through most of the picture. But as Truffaut mentioned to Hitchcock during their discussions, â€Å"She becomes a human person. She abandons her accessories for the effort.† She gives up an expensive bracelet she was wearing to help lure a fish so that everyone can eat.

CARBON EMISSIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CARBON EMISSIONS - Essay Example The tool has been used to generate the figures that are used to justify this report. The results of the simulation using the tool will form evidence for the justification of the intended plan. This report explores the strengths and weaknesses of the values obtained from the tool. The tool was used with an aim simulating values that can achieve the desired 80% carbon emission. The analysis of the results obtained from the 2050 calculator will form a basis for the development of plan to achieve the 80% carbon emission. The URL used to generate this report is: http://2050-calculator-tool.decc.gov.uk/pathways/31134443324444441444414113322121332311213213111411121/primary_energy_chart. Below is a screenshot of the findings obtained from the tool. The procedure used to achieve the 80% carbon emission considers factors that affect carbon emissions. The factors include lifestyle and behavioural changes that occur due to changes with time. The desired lifestyle and behavioural changes include reductions in the average room temperatures during winter and reductions in energy demand. Lifestyles such as reducing food wastage can reduce emissions. Shifting from private transportation to public transportation can reduce the amount of emissions due to high usage of petroleum products. Another factor considered in the generation the results and explanation of this report is the changes in technology. Technology is dynamic in nature and has been changing gradually. The emergence of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) has contributed a lot to reduction in energy usage. These are less carbon intensive technologies that reduce the emission of carbon (Carbon emissions, 2008). The availability of different fuel and technological choices makes the development of our plan for reducing carbon emissions by 80% easier. Different options of lighting and heating appliances gives power consumers varied options to minimize their energy consumption. For example, current heating appliances

Critical Thinking to Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Thinking to Decision Making - Essay Example The paper "critical thinking" describes the importance and benefits of critical thinking by making decisions. Critical thinking is necessary in the academic field so a understand arguments made by others and their beliefs. It allows one to evaluate, analyze and explain arguments and beliefs thereby reducing the risk of acting on or adopting a false belief. It also allows one effectively defend his/her own beliefs through well-supported arguments. With a focus on critical thinking skills and intellectual traits, critical thinking can be used to identify misinformation, bias, distortion and self-deception; thus allowing one to make the right decisions regardless of surrounding factors. For instance, students can make sound decisions regarding course majors by considering their beliefs and basing their arguments on logical conclusions drawn from evaluating available information. The students, through critical thinking, should also be able to defend their decision by presenting an amicab le argument. In addition, critical thinking skills help medical personnel in the examination and diagnosis of ailments in patients. Through critical thinking skills, they can question, evaluate, and analyze available data to make a conclusive decision about the situation faced by their patients to provide the appropriate medical care. Critical thinking in health care is applied by collecting information from the patient and correlating it with existing theories and practices and challenging them to provide diagnosis.

John Stuart Mill Essay Example for Free

John Stuart Mill Essay British philosopher, John Stuart Mill, served many years as a member of parliament and worked diligently to bring forth liberal ideas. Amongst these ideas was the distinction of utilitarianism, or the act of doing what is right for the greatest number of people. Yet, just discussing the idea of right versus wrong for the masses was not enough, Mill’s determined there were two forms of utilitarianism; act, the direct form, or sanction, the indirect form. Much like formal logic with deductive and inductive reasoning, act and sanction utilitarianism strive for the same goal but have different ways of reaching it. Both forms of utilitarianism are seeking to find the best possible outcome for the largest number of people and using that as a measure of right versus wrong, yet by examining the differences of act utilitarianism and sanction utilitarianism, it will become clear that sanction utilitarianism is superior and more easily attainable. Focusing on act utilitarianism, this direct form works in maxims, expanding the contrast between right and wrong. â€Å"An act is right and just in its consequences for human happiness are at least good as any alternative available to the agent† (9). Thus, it is your duty to do the optimal act in a situation because anything other than the best act is a wrong act. Furthermore, Mills also comments that it is considered a â€Å"righteous† act if the consequences are just as good or better than any other action. Staying within the ideas of right or wrong, or when decisions seem to commonly be referred to as â€Å"black or white,† there is also an ideal of proportions to consider. Remember that the act is right is if brings happiness to the most people, but one is incapable of pleasing every person in every situation. Thus, Mills refers to the â€Å"Proportionality Doctrine† to tell what makes an act right or wrong. The Proportionality Doctrine states that acts are right if they promote happiness, or acts are wrong if they promote sadness. In act utilitarianism, each person is held to a duty to always make the best choices and perform the best actions. What that does though is â€Å"imply that I do wrong every time I fail to do the very best action, even when the suboptimal act that I perform is a very good deed. That may seem harsh and overly demanding† (11). Act utilitarianism is very demanding, having to always do the best thing all the time. What direct, or act utilitarianism implies is that if you fail to do the most optimal act then what you did was wrong, which is not always the case. In contrast to act utilitarianism, sanction utilitarianism allows gray space in between the black and white ultimatums. Mill’s writes: â€Å"because it makes the rightness and wrongness of conduct depend upon the utility of sanctioning that conduct in some way, we might call it sanction utilitarianism† (11). Here, Mill’s almost accepts that there are situations that will never be distinguished as exactly right and exactly wrong. Yet, Mill’s also struggles to let got of act utilitarianism since there usually are only two options. Thus, indirectly, an act is right if and only if its optimal to apply sanctions to its omission, whereas applying sanctions is right if and only if it is optimal is a direct action. â€Å"The only difference is that whereas sanction utilitarianism ties rightness and wrongness to praise and blame, act utilitarianism does not† (12). There are four kind acts that fall under sanction utilitarianism: 1. Wrong of forbidden acts are those whose performance it is optimal to blame 2. Permissible acts are those whose performance it is not optimal to blame 3. Obligatory acts are those whose omission it is optimal to blame 4. Supererogatory acts are permissible acts that are especially expedient (11) Here, these four actions seem to take on new meanings: while of course forbidden acts are optimal to blame negative reactions on (they are forbidden for a reason), it is now possible to see that the blame has a purpose behind it since the act caused proportionally the most damage. Unlike act utilitarianism, sanction utilitarianism is clear about which acts are sanctioned and which ones are not. In comparison, both forms of utilitarianism tend to seek the best possible outcome for he highest number of people, yet they have varying degrees of severity. People feel that when it comes to act utilitarianism, if you are not doing the best action each end every second, then whatever else you do is considered wrong. Living with the constant fear that your every action is scrutinized leaves those who practice act utilitarianism demoralized and deflated. It is also exhausting to have to be doing the best thing all the time and society does not naturally possess the ability to be a â€Å"hero† every waking moment. It would seem that sanction utilitarianism is more probable because it promotes a more feel good way of life. Your actions are all driven by a desire to do the right thing, but if you fail from time to time, as long as the intention was there, you are doing all right. â€Å"In arguing sanction utilitarianism, Mill’s claims that it allows him to distinguish duty and expediency and claim that not all inexpedient acts are wrong; inexpedient acts are only wrong when it is good or optimal to sanction them† (11). This means that sanction utilitarianism is more preferable and attainable than act utilitarianism when it comes to acts of duty. Therefore, a person would see this flexibility in sanction utilitarianism as a way to be seeking the righteous actions while being less demanding than act utilitarianism. Sanction utilitarianism is a superior alternative to act utilitarianism because it is flexible, forgiving and attainable. Humans are one of the most imperfect species on the planet and with highly evolved social politics; it is completely impossible to please everyone at the same time. Take into consideration the very foundation of democracy, selecting the best candidate for the job based on a populous vote. If everyone were voting under the basis of selecting the best person for the most number of people, then they would all vote for the same person. There has never been an election where a single candidate won every vote, and thus it proves that humans are incapable of behaving under complete act utilitarianism. On the other hand, it is good to hold yourself to the highest standards and expect the most out of yourself and think that you should always be doing the best thing. The flexibility of sanction utilitarianism is that individual morals and ethics come into play for each person, allowing them to wander between right and wrong finding the best outcome that may be a blend of the two. Take for instance the selection of which college to go to: your personality, likes, dislikes and more come into consideration and while the student wants to find a reputable school, they also have to find a place to call home for four years. If the student chooses the wrong location, it makes their lives miserable, their roommate’s life unbearable, and the family’s life saddened. Thus, the student had to balance every option and maybe give in on reputation for the best social fit, whereas under act utilitarianism, they would have picked a school solely on reputation alone since theoretically, that would lead them to the best possible outcome. Also, under sanction utilitarianism, if a choice is made and it turns out to be wrong, a new choice can be made to counteract the first giving sanction utilitarianism a sense of forgiveness. Combining these two ideals, flexibility and forgiveness, sanction utilitarianism reins superior over act utilitarianism because it is attainable. While both forms of utilitarianism are seeking to find the best possible outcome for the largest number of people, through examining the differences of act utilitarianism and sanction utilitarianism, it became clear that sanction utilitarianism is superior through its attainable qualities. In act utilitarianism the path for right over wrong is very demanding, requiring someone to always do the best thing all of the time. Ultimately, what direct utilitarianism implies is that you fail when what you did was wrong, which may not always be the case. Unlike act utilitarianism, sanction utilitarianism is clear about which acts are sanctioned and which ones are not, which allows someone to strive for their best but not harm them if they fail. Sanction utilitarianism is more preferable and attainable than act utilitarianism when it comes to acts of duty because a person would see the flexibility in sanction utilitarianism as a way to be seeking the righteous actions while being less demanding than act utilitarianism. While humanity is incapable of following act utilitarianism, the forgiveness built into sanction utilitarianism is preferred, since if the choice made turns out to be wrong, a new choice can be made to counteract the first. Combining these two ideals, flexibility and forgiveness, sanction utilitarianism becomes attainable for humanity and it rises in superiority over act utilitarianism.