Critical Thinking to Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Thinking to Decision Making - Essay Example The paper "critical thinking" describes the importance and benefits of critical thinking by making decisions. Critical thinking is necessary in the academic field so a understand arguments made by others and their beliefs. It allows one to evaluate, analyze and explain arguments and beliefs thereby reducing the risk of acting on or adopting a false belief. It also allows one effectively defend his/her own beliefs through well-supported arguments. With a focus on critical thinking skills and intellectual traits, critical thinking can be used to identify misinformation, bias, distortion and self-deception; thus allowing one to make the right decisions regardless of surrounding factors. For instance, students can make sound decisions regarding course majors by considering their beliefs and basing their arguments on logical conclusions drawn from evaluating available information. The students, through critical thinking, should also be able to defend their decision by presenting an amicab le argument. In addition, critical thinking skills help medical personnel in the examination and diagnosis of ailments in patients. Through critical thinking skills, they can question, evaluate, and analyze available data to make a conclusive decision about the situation faced by their patients to provide the appropriate medical care. Critical thinking in health care is applied by collecting information from the patient and correlating it with existing theories and practices and challenging them to provide diagnosis.

John Stuart Mill Essay Example for Free

John Stuart Mill Essay British philosopher, John Stuart Mill, served many years as a member of parliament and worked diligently to bring forth liberal ideas. Amongst these ideas was the distinction of utilitarianism, or the act of doing what is right for the greatest number of people. Yet, just discussing the idea of right versus wrong for the masses was not enough, Mill’s determined there were two forms of utilitarianism; act, the direct form, or sanction, the indirect form. Much like formal logic with deductive and inductive reasoning, act and sanction utilitarianism strive for the same goal but have different ways of reaching it. Both forms of utilitarianism are seeking to find the best possible outcome for the largest number of people and using that as a measure of right versus wrong, yet by examining the differences of act utilitarianism and sanction utilitarianism, it will become clear that sanction utilitarianism is superior and more easily attainable. Focusing on act utilitarianism, this direct form works in maxims, expanding the contrast between right and wrong. â€Å"An act is right and just in its consequences for human happiness are at least good as any alternative available to the agent† (9). Thus, it is your duty to do the optimal act in a situation because anything other than the best act is a wrong act. Furthermore, Mills also comments that it is considered a â€Å"righteous† act if the consequences are just as good or better than any other action. Staying within the ideas of right or wrong, or when decisions seem to commonly be referred to as â€Å"black or white,† there is also an ideal of proportions to consider. Remember that the act is right is if brings happiness to the most people, but one is incapable of pleasing every person in every situation. Thus, Mills refers to the â€Å"Proportionality Doctrine† to tell what makes an act right or wrong. The Proportionality Doctrine states that acts are right if they promote happiness, or acts are wrong if they promote sadness. In act utilitarianism, each person is held to a duty to always make the best choices and perform the best actions. What that does though is â€Å"imply that I do wrong every time I fail to do the very best action, even when the suboptimal act that I perform is a very good deed. That may seem harsh and overly demanding† (11). Act utilitarianism is very demanding, having to always do the best thing all the time. What direct, or act utilitarianism implies is that if you fail to do the most optimal act then what you did was wrong, which is not always the case. In contrast to act utilitarianism, sanction utilitarianism allows gray space in between the black and white ultimatums. Mill’s writes: â€Å"because it makes the rightness and wrongness of conduct depend upon the utility of sanctioning that conduct in some way, we might call it sanction utilitarianism† (11). Here, Mill’s almost accepts that there are situations that will never be distinguished as exactly right and exactly wrong. Yet, Mill’s also struggles to let got of act utilitarianism since there usually are only two options. Thus, indirectly, an act is right if and only if its optimal to apply sanctions to its omission, whereas applying sanctions is right if and only if it is optimal is a direct action. â€Å"The only difference is that whereas sanction utilitarianism ties rightness and wrongness to praise and blame, act utilitarianism does not† (12). There are four kind acts that fall under sanction utilitarianism: 1. Wrong of forbidden acts are those whose performance it is optimal to blame 2. Permissible acts are those whose performance it is not optimal to blame 3. Obligatory acts are those whose omission it is optimal to blame 4. Supererogatory acts are permissible acts that are especially expedient (11) Here, these four actions seem to take on new meanings: while of course forbidden acts are optimal to blame negative reactions on (they are forbidden for a reason), it is now possible to see that the blame has a purpose behind it since the act caused proportionally the most damage. Unlike act utilitarianism, sanction utilitarianism is clear about which acts are sanctioned and which ones are not. In comparison, both forms of utilitarianism tend to seek the best possible outcome for he highest number of people, yet they have varying degrees of severity. People feel that when it comes to act utilitarianism, if you are not doing the best action each end every second, then whatever else you do is considered wrong. Living with the constant fear that your every action is scrutinized leaves those who practice act utilitarianism demoralized and deflated. It is also exhausting to have to be doing the best thing all the time and society does not naturally possess the ability to be a â€Å"hero† every waking moment. It would seem that sanction utilitarianism is more probable because it promotes a more feel good way of life. Your actions are all driven by a desire to do the right thing, but if you fail from time to time, as long as the intention was there, you are doing all right. â€Å"In arguing sanction utilitarianism, Mill’s claims that it allows him to distinguish duty and expediency and claim that not all inexpedient acts are wrong; inexpedient acts are only wrong when it is good or optimal to sanction them† (11). This means that sanction utilitarianism is more preferable and attainable than act utilitarianism when it comes to acts of duty. Therefore, a person would see this flexibility in sanction utilitarianism as a way to be seeking the righteous actions while being less demanding than act utilitarianism. Sanction utilitarianism is a superior alternative to act utilitarianism because it is flexible, forgiving and attainable. Humans are one of the most imperfect species on the planet and with highly evolved social politics; it is completely impossible to please everyone at the same time. Take into consideration the very foundation of democracy, selecting the best candidate for the job based on a populous vote. If everyone were voting under the basis of selecting the best person for the most number of people, then they would all vote for the same person. There has never been an election where a single candidate won every vote, and thus it proves that humans are incapable of behaving under complete act utilitarianism. On the other hand, it is good to hold yourself to the highest standards and expect the most out of yourself and think that you should always be doing the best thing. The flexibility of sanction utilitarianism is that individual morals and ethics come into play for each person, allowing them to wander between right and wrong finding the best outcome that may be a blend of the two. Take for instance the selection of which college to go to: your personality, likes, dislikes and more come into consideration and while the student wants to find a reputable school, they also have to find a place to call home for four years. If the student chooses the wrong location, it makes their lives miserable, their roommate’s life unbearable, and the family’s life saddened. Thus, the student had to balance every option and maybe give in on reputation for the best social fit, whereas under act utilitarianism, they would have picked a school solely on reputation alone since theoretically, that would lead them to the best possible outcome. Also, under sanction utilitarianism, if a choice is made and it turns out to be wrong, a new choice can be made to counteract the first giving sanction utilitarianism a sense of forgiveness. Combining these two ideals, flexibility and forgiveness, sanction utilitarianism reins superior over act utilitarianism because it is attainable. While both forms of utilitarianism are seeking to find the best possible outcome for the largest number of people, through examining the differences of act utilitarianism and sanction utilitarianism, it became clear that sanction utilitarianism is superior through its attainable qualities. In act utilitarianism the path for right over wrong is very demanding, requiring someone to always do the best thing all of the time. Ultimately, what direct utilitarianism implies is that you fail when what you did was wrong, which may not always be the case. Unlike act utilitarianism, sanction utilitarianism is clear about which acts are sanctioned and which ones are not, which allows someone to strive for their best but not harm them if they fail. Sanction utilitarianism is more preferable and attainable than act utilitarianism when it comes to acts of duty because a person would see the flexibility in sanction utilitarianism as a way to be seeking the righteous actions while being less demanding than act utilitarianism. While humanity is incapable of following act utilitarianism, the forgiveness built into sanction utilitarianism is preferred, since if the choice made turns out to be wrong, a new choice can be made to counteract the first. Combining these two ideals, flexibility and forgiveness, sanction utilitarianism becomes attainable for humanity and it rises in superiority over act utilitarianism.

Revolution in Cosmology Resolves Dispute over Universes Age Essay

Revolution in Cosmology Resolves Dispute over Universe's Age Just under seven years ago, astronomers using the Hubble space telescope presented results they hoped would help answer one of the most contentious issues in astronomy of the 20th century – the question of the distance scale of the universe. But there was some unease when the result was announced. According to the report, other galaxies were close enough that, extrapolating backwards from their current rate of recession and making adjustments for the influence of gravity, they all would have been together (that is, the Big Bang would have occurred) as recently as 8 billion years ago. Unfortunately, there was strong evidence already in place that some stars were at least 12-15 billion years old – apparently predating the origin of the universe itself! While these two highly irreconcilable values for the universe's age certainly posed a serious challenge to astronomers, most simply assumed that better measurements would place the distance scale back in line with the older age. What no one expected is that resolution to this problem would lie not in corrected measurements but a revolution in cosmology, and the apparent discovery of what amounts to a mysterious new essence of the cosmos – a "fifth element" that hides in vacuum and drives the expansion of the universe. The scientific study of the age and origin of the universe is intimately linked with the measurements of extragalactic distance, and consequently the science did not even exist until measurement techniques accurate to such scales were invented. Distance measurement has always been difficult for astronomers – until the 1800s, no one knew even the distance to the nearest star (other than the Sun), and th... ...pressure and a whole host of other strange properties that gravitationally repel all surrounding space, expanding the universe in absence of any physical substance. Furthermore, by expanding the universe, more empty space is created, creating even more antigravitational force and making the universe expand ever faster, leading to a runaway expansion that will eventually culminate in the dilution of all remaining matter into nothingness. And in this lies the solution to the long-standing age issue. If the universe's expansion is constantly getting faster, it must have been slower in the past, pushing the age of the universe upward to around 13 billion years, right in line with the ages of stars. So without any major revision to the distance to nearby galaxies or the ages of stars, the question of the true age of the universe has been solved in a way no one expected.

Kindergarten Readiness Skills Promotes Academic Achievement in Language and Literacy Development Essay

Potential Questions * Does attending Pre-Kindergarten lead to a greater success rate in Kindergarten? * Is academics more important than developing the whole child? * What advantages are achieved by students who attend Pre-Kindergarten compared to those that do not? * Why do some parents prefer not to allow their child to attend Pre-Kindergarten? * How does pre-kindergarten lottery selections affect readiness skills? Keywords Success rate Academic success Public Pre-Kindergarten Public Kindergarten Readiness skills Parent educational level Educational Significance The researcher will use the qualitative methods approach, which would be most beneficial to support the topic. In qualitative research, the numbers and types of approaches have also become more clearly visible during the 1990s and into the 21st century. Books have summarized the various types (such as the 19 strategies identified by Wolcott, 2001), and complete procedures are  now available on specific qualitative inquiry approaches. Case studies are a strategy of inquiry in which the researcher explores in depth a program, event, activity, process, or one or more individuals. Cases are bounded by time and activity, and researchers collect detailed information using a variety of data collection procedures over a sustained period of time (Stake, 1995). Background/Need for the Study. Most of the long-term research on the effects of preschool focuses on low-income children. There is very little data on any long-term benefits for middle-class children. A growing number of states have started to fund preschool programs offered at public schools, called pre-kindergarten (or pre-K) programs. Reason for interest in topic. As a Kindergarten teacher in the public school system for over ten years, it has amazed me that some students enter Kindergarten ill prepared. Readiness skills are a key factor in a child experiencing academic success during the early years of school. The achievement gap is gradually closing within our school district. However, outreach to parents is still vital in order to help them understand the importance of early childhood learning. References. Creswell, J. W. (2008). Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. (3rd ed., p. 13). Sage. Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Wolcott, H. T. (2001). Writing up qualitative research. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.healthofchildren.com/P/Preschool.html.

Professional Nursing Philosophy Essay

Introduction After seventeen years in the nursing profession I realize each day is a learning experience. As my experiences evolve so do some of my beliefs and values. However, I believe nursing at its core has fundamentals that are unwavering. The essence of nursing: Caring, empathy, honesty, trust, communication, and respect have transcended all theories. What follows will be a discussion of how I was called to nursing and my vision for my future in the nursing profession. I will also discuss my beliefs and values and how they relate to patients, families, and health care providers. Choice of Nursing I was called to nursing. I always had a desire to care for others, to comfort, and to listen. As a child I spent summers with my grandmother who was also a nurse. I would watch her show honor in the way she wore her uniform. Before she left for work she made sure her uniform was clean and pressed. She proudly wore her nursing cap. I was able to visit the patients as she made her rounds. As I observed her care I witnessed the understanding, the compassion, and the commitment of a professional nurse. To my surprise and from my experiences my grandmother planted a seed of a nurse’s integrity, honor and loyalty to the care of others. When I was sixteen years old and in the tenth grade I became pregnant. I dropped out of high school but was determined not to be a statistic. Before my daughter was born I completed my GED and three months after her birth I start taking  classes at the community college. I knew I had more to offer. I had always been an active part of the community a nd had an interest in helping others. The career counselor at the community college suggested that I attend nursing school. My grandmother agreed and informed me of a nursing rule. A nurse cannot leave the profession until she finds another nurse to take her place. Five years, two children and one divorce later I finished nursing school. I truly believe it was a calling or I never would have finished. Nursing continues to call me seventeen years later. It calls me to learn more, to do better, and to encourage others. Nursing has now called me back to further my education and obtain my BSN and MSN in the next phase of my career. Essence of Nursing The core of nursing should be more than a career or a means to monetary gain. Nursing at its core is caring, empathy, honesty, trust, communication and respect. I believe the fundamental core of nursing is caring. If you cannot give of yourself to others you are missing the essence of nursing. â€Å"In 2003 the ANA stated that an essential feature of professional nursing is the provision of a caring relationship that facilitates health and healing† (as cited in Meyer & Lavin, 2005, para. 1). Another fundamental core of nursing is respect. The nurse must have respect for the patient and their beliefs. Without this basic respect there will remain a lack of trust on the patient’s part to divulge necessary information that can facilitate their recovery. Listening encompasses both verbal and nonverbal communication between the patient and nurse. Developing a relationship based on trust helps foster communication between the patient and nurse. Listening helps identify issues that can hinder the accomplishment of goals that have been set for the patient’s recovery. Jean Watson’s Caring Theory is comprised of ten carative factors that can foster a caring relationship between the patient and the nurse. According to Chantal Cara (A Pragmatic View, Introduction, para. 2) â€Å"upholding Watson’s caring theory not only allows the nurse to practice the art of caring, to provide compassion to ease patients’ and families’ suffering, and to promote their healing and dignity but it can also contribute to expand the nurse’s own actualization†. The politics of nursing can adversely affect the core of nursing. Hospital  politics can affect the lives of patients, families, staff, and the community at large. Hospital politics affect intra-departmental relationships and staffing ratios. The quality of the relationships and communication skills can affect the perception of the hospital as a whole. Witnessing negative relationships and poor communication skills may cause the community, patients, families, and other staff to feel nursing is unqualified or uncaring. These perceptions once perpetuated are difficult to change. Beliefs and Values I believe patients have the right to decide what happens to their bodies; however, many are still under informed due to lack of education. In Texas, a large number of first generation Mexican immigrants have not been afforded a complete education in their home country. Although educational opportunities are improving census data indicated that Mexican â€Å"males got 8.8 years of education in 2010 while females got 8.5 years† (2010 Census data, 2011, para. 1). However, in some indigenous areas of Mexico the education level is as low as 2.5 years (2010 Census data, 2011, para. 4). â€Å"To improve informed consent comprehension, federal agencies such as the FDA, Office for Human Research Protection, and National Cancer Institute (NCI) recommend 6th to 8th grade reading level consent forms† (Hochhauser, 2007). There is a disparity in the recommendation of these agencies and the consents they produce for their own clients. Hochhauser stated,† agencies should follow t heir own advice †¦ but five NCI documents averaged a grade 14 reading level†. Families share an important role in health promotion and decision making. A patient’s cultural beliefs and values can greatly affect the family’s perception of the health care system and the individual roles family members assume in a time of illness. In the Gypsy culture hospitals are feared and avoided whenever possible. â€Å"Most Gypsies will go to a hospital only if they are in serious danger of dying or if they view the situation as a crisis† (Sutherland, 1992, p.278). â€Å"For Gypsies, illness is not just the concern of the individual, it is a problem of broader social importance. Families coming together when someone is ill is one of the strongest values in Gypsy culture† (Sutherland, 1992, p.277). Hispanic immigrants may be reluctant to  seek medical attention because of their immigrant status. â€Å"They may be afraid of the clinical staff and may consider them members of a government agency such as INS† (Poma, 1983, p. 945). Among Hisp anics, the support provided by the extended family is very important. In 1986 Reinert stated â€Å"important decisions are made by the entire family. Family decisions may supersede decisions made by the health care provider† (as cited in Gordon, 1994, pp. 309-310). I believe health care providers have become overly specialized and no longer treat patients holistically. The movement toward Advance Practice Nurses as primary health care providers will alleviate this problem and the patient will be treated in a more holistic approach. Many nurses begin their professions as staff nurses in the hospital setting. Following Watson’s carative theory we strive to help the patient meet their physical, emotional, and spiritual needs. â€Å"The nurse guided by Watson’s work has responsibility for creating and maintain an environment supporting human caring while recognizing and providing for patients’ primary human requirements† (Chitty & Black, 2007). As I reviewed my own health I realized I was not a good steward for the nursing profession. I have educated my patients about diet modification and exercise regimens. I have advised them to keep regular doctor appointments and receive annual physicals. I was not following my own advice. I began to account for my nutritional intake and workout every morning before work. I received an annual physical to assess my lab values and discuss with my health care provider a plan of care. I believe as a nurse I should be my best and I am willing to except whatever my best is at forty-one years old. Vision for the Future My goal is to complete my BSN by the end of 2013. I am a staff nurse in PACU within the Perioperative Services Department of our hospital. My responsibilities include direct patient care, relief charge, staffing, and conflict resolution. Within two years, I plan to receive certification in my specialty through ASPAN and pursuing my MSN degree. My hospital is growing and the Perioperative Services Department is under expansion and will double in size and patient capacity over the next three years. In my profession I see potential for growth that will include my future goals. I love to precept new nurses and students, encourage others, monitor quality indicators, and formulate policies and procedures. Within five years, I would like to have completed my MSN degree as a Clinical Nurse Leader and working in a permanent preceptor position for Perioperative Services. In ten years I hope to have found my niche in my profession. I would like to be molding the future of nursing even if it is one nurse at a time. I plan on working as a nurse as long as my body allows. Summary My strengths are my determination, ability to adapt to changing situations easily, love of learning and organizational skills. The support I have received from family and friends has been paramount in allowing me to succeed in my endeavors. The support and encouragement I have received from my peers has heightened my determination to complete my degree. Stress will be the greatest limiting factor in attaining my goals. Balancing school, work, family, and friends is always a challenge. It will be important for me to prioritize my activities and manage my time wisely over the coming year. I look forward to these challenges as I pursue my BSN degree. References 2010 Census data show a significant improvement in Mexican education. (2011). Retrieved November 16, 2012, from http://geo-mexico.com/?p=4048 Cara, C. A pragmatic view of Jean Watson’s caring theory [PDF document]. Retrieved November 15, 2012 from Lecture Notes Online Web site: http://www.humancaring.org/conted/Pragmatic%20View.pdf Chitty, K.K., & Black, B.P. (Eds.). (2007). Chapter 13: Nursing theory: The basis for professional nursing. Professional Nursing: Concepts and Challenges (pp.328-348). Philadelphia: Elsevier. Gordon, S.M. (1994). Hispanic cultural beliefs and folk remedies. Journal of Holistic Nursing. 12(3), 307-322. doi:10.1177/089801019401200308 Hochhauser, M. (2007). Consent forms: No easy read. Applied Clinical Trials, 16(5), 74. Retrieved November 17, 2012 from http://libproxy.uta.edu:5745/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=dd795158-f393-4eb8-b67b-8a1cc3b595fd%40sessionmgr104&vid=4&hid=121 Meyer, G., & Lavin, M.A. (2005). Vigilance: The essence of nursing. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 10(1). doi:10.3912/OJIN.Vol10No03PPT01 Poma, P.A. (1983). Hispanic cultural influences on medical practice. Journal of The National Medical Association. 75(10), 941-946. Retrieved November 17, 2012 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2561612/pdf/jnma00233-0029.pdf Sutherland, A. (1992, Sept.) Cross-cultural medicine: Gypsies and health care. The Western Journal of Medicine. 157(3), 276-280. Retrieved November 17, 2012 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1011276/pdf/westjmed00085-0066.pdf

How to Sing Happy Birthday in Chinese

How to Sing Happy Birthday in Chinese The Happy Birthday Song has a strangely contested history. The tune was originally composed in the late 1800s by Patty and Mildred Hill, though the lyrics were not the same. In fact, the Hill sisters titled the song Good Morning To All. Somewhere along the way, the phrase happy birthday became associated with the melody. In 1935, the Summy Company registered a copyright for the Birthday Song. In 1988, Warner Music bought that copyright and has been making big bank ever since. Warner Music charged royalties for public performances of the Happy Birthday Song and appearances in film soundtracks. Only until 2016 did the popular song become public domain. In February 2016, a US federal judge closed a case ruling that Warner Music does not hold a valid copyright to the Happy Birthday Songs lyrics and melody. Now, the Birthday Song finally belongs to the public and is considered one of the most popular songs in the world. It has been translated into many languages, including Mandarin Chinese. Its an easy song to learn in Chinese since it is essentially just two phrases repeated over and over again.   Practice speaking the words to this song before singing them. This will ensure that you are learning the words with the proper tones. When singing in Mandarin Chinese, sometimes the tones are not clear given the melody of the song. Notes   Ã§ ¥  (zhà ¹) means wish or express good wishes. ç ¥ Ã¤ ½   (zhà ¹ nÇ ) means wishing you.   Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¦ ¨â€š (in traditional form) / Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¤ ¹  (simplified form) (kui là ¨) can be preceded by  other happy events  such as Christmas (è â€"è ªâ€¢Ã§ ¯â‚¬Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¦ ¨â€š / Ã¥Å" £Ã¨ ¯Å¾Ã¨Å â€šÃ¥ ¿ «Ã¤ ¹  / shà ¨ng dn jià © kui là ¨) or New Year (æâ€" °Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¦ ¨â€š / æâ€" °Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¤ ¹  / xÄ «n nin kui là ¨). Pinyin shÄ“ng rà ¬ kui là ¨zhà ¹ nÇ  shÄ“ng rà ¬ kui là ¨zhà ¹ nÇ  shÄ“ng rà ¬ kui là ¨zhà ¹ nÇ  shÄ“ng rà ¬ kui là ¨zhà ¹ nÇ  yÇ’ngyuÇŽn kui là ¨ Traditional Chinese Characters 生æâ€" ¥Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¦ ¨â€šÃ§ ¥ Ã¤ ½  Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¦ ¨â€šÃ§ ¥ Ã¤ ½  Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¦ ¨â€šÃ§ ¥ Ã¤ ½  Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¦ ¨â€šÃ§ ¥ Ã¤ ½  Ã¦ ° ¸Ã©   Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¦ ¨â€š Simplified Characters 生æâ€" ¥Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¤ ¹ Ã§ ¥ Ã¤ ½  Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¤ ¹ Ã§ ¥ Ã¤ ½  Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¤ ¹ Ã§ ¥ Ã¤ ½  Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¤ ¹ Ã§ ¥ Ã¤ ½  Ã¦ ° ¸Ã¨ ¿Å"Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¤ ¹  English Translation Happy BirthdayWish to you happy birthdayWish to you happy birthdayWish to you happy birthdayWish to you happiness forever Hear the Song The melody of the song is the same as the birthday song in English. You can hear the Chinese version sung to you by the crooning Mando pop-star Jay Chou.

wana action essays

wana action essays COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ISLAMABAD ( Students of BS MATHEMATICS 2nd Semester ) ( Teacher of PAKISTAN STUDIES ) INTRODUCTION ................................................. 3 Waziristan ... ............................................... 4 North waziristan ............................................ 4 South waziristan ............................................ 4 Waziri relations with pakistani State ............................................................ 5 Botched up operation in waziristan ............... 6 The battle in wana ....................................... 7 Terrorists or mujahideen ............................ 8 Operation wana .......................................... 10 Army needs to question answers on wana...... 12 Political parties and Wana operation ................... 13 Wana operation and the economy ..................... 15 What went wrong in Wana? ........................... 16 Who has surrendered? .................................. 17 Use military force through a political strategy....... 18 And now Wana II ....................................... 20 Nek Mohammads death ............................... 21 Dont retreat in Wana! .................................. 23 A BRIEF SNAPSHOT OF EVENTS ................... 24 REFERENCES ................................................. 29 In this report we intend to show the different facets of wana operation as they appear in the print media. This operation was started by the Pakistani armed forces on 9th January 2004 in the South Waziristan Agency. Wana is the district headquarters of this Agency. Hence this operation came to be commonly known as Wana Operation. ABOUT WAZIRISTAN ...

Pterosaurs - The Flying Reptiles - Evolution

Pterosaurs - The Flying Reptiles - Evolution Pterosaurs (winged lizards) hold a special place in the history of life on earth: they were the first creatures, other than insects, to successfully populate the skies. The evolution of pterosaurs roughly paralleled that of their terrestrial cousins, the dinosaurs, as the small, basal species of the late Triassic period gradually gave way to bigger, more advanced forms in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. (See a complete, A to Z list of pterosaurs.) Before we proceed, though, its important to address one important misconception. Paleontologists have found indisputable proof that modern birds are descended not from pterosaurs, but from small, feathered, land-bound dinosaurs (in fact, if you could somehow compare the DNA of a pigeon, a Tyrannosaurus Rex and a Pteranodon, the first two would be more closely related to each other than either would be to the third). This is an example of what biologists call convergent evolution: nature has a way of finding the same solutions (wings, hollow bones, etc.) to the same problem (how to fly). The First Pterosaurs As is the case with dinosaurs, paleontologists dont yet have enough evidence to identify the single ancient, non-dinosaur reptile from which all pterosaurs evolved (the lack of a missing linksay, a terrestrial archosaur with half-developed flaps of skinmay be heartening to creationists, but you have to remember that fossilization is a matter of chance. Most prehistoric species arent represented in the fossil record, simply because they died in conditions that didnt allow for their preservation.) The first pterosaurs for which we have fossil evidence flourished during the middle to late Triassic period, about 230 to 200 million years ago. These flying reptiles were characterized by their small size and long tails, as well as obscure anatomical features (like the bone structures in their wings) that distinguished them from the more advanced pterosaurs that followed. These rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs, as theyre called, include Eudimorphodon (one of the earliest pterosaurs known), Dorygnathus and Rhamphorhynchus, and they persisted into the early to middle Jurassic period. One problem with identifying the rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs of the late Triassic and early Jurassic periods is that most specimens have been unearthed in modern-day England and Germany. This isnt because early pterosaurs liked to summer in western Europe; rather, as explained above, we can only find fossils in those areas that lent themselves to fossil formation. There may well have been vast populations of Asian or North American pterosaurs, which may (or may not) have been anatomically distinct from the ones with which were familiar. Later Pterosaurs By the late Jurassic period, rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs had been pretty much replaced by pterodactyloid pterosaurslarger-winged, shorter-tailed flying reptiles exemplified by the well-known Pterodactylus and Pteranodon. (The earliest identified member of this group, Kryptodrakon, lived about 163 million years ago.) With their larger, more maneuverable wings of skin, these pterosaurs were able to glide farther, faster, and higher up in the sky, swooping down like eagles to pluck fish off the surface of oceans, lakes and rivers. During the Cretaceous period, pterodactyloids took after dinosaurs in one important respect: an increasing trend toward gigantism. In the middle Cretaceous, the skies of South America were ruled by huge, colorful pterosaurs like Tapejara and Tupuxuara, which had wingspans of 16 or 17 feet; still, these big fliers looked like sparrows next to the true giants of the late Cretaceous, Quetzalcoatlus and Zhejiangopterus, the wingspans of which exceeded 30 feet (far larger than the largest eagles alive today). Heres where we come to another all-important but. The enormous size of these azhdarchids (as giant pterosaurs are known) has led some paleontologists to speculate that they never actually flew. For example, a recent analysis of the giraffe-sized Quetzalcoatlus shows that it had some anatomical features (such as small feet and a stiff neck) ideal for stalking small dinosaurs on land. Since evolution tends to repeat the same patterns, this would answer the embarrassing question of why modern birds have never evolved to azhdarchid-like sizes. In any event, by the end of the Cretaceous period, the pterosaursboth large and smallwent extinct along with their cousins, the terrestrial dinosaurs and marine reptiles. Its possible that the ascendancy of true feathered birds spelled doom for slower, less versatile pterosaurs, or that in the aftermath of the K/T Extinction the prehistoric fish that these flying reptiles fed on were drastically reduced in number. Pterosaur Behavior Aside from their relative sizes, the pterosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods differed from one another in two important ways: feeding habits and ornamentation. Generally, paleontologists can infer a pterosaurs diet from the size and shape of its jaws, and by looking at analogous behavior in modern birds (such as pelicans and seagulls). Pterosaurs with sharp, narrow beaks most likely subsisted on fish, while anomalous genera like Pterodaustro fed on plankton (this pterosaurs thousand or so tiny teeth formed a filter, like that of a blue whale) and the fanged Jeholopterus may have sucked dinosaur blood like a vampire bat (though most paleontologists dismiss this notion). Like modern birds, some pterosaurs also had rich ornamentationnot brightly colored feathers, which pterosaurs never managed to evolve, but prominent head crests. For example, Tupuxuaras rounded crest was rich in blood vessels, a clue that it may have changed color in mating displays, while Ornithocheirus had matching crests on its upper and lower jaws (though its unclear if these were used for display or feeding purposes). Most controversial, though, are the long, bony crests atop the noggins of pterosaurs like Pteranodon and Nyctosaurus. Some paleontologists believe that Pteranodons crest served as a rudder to help stabilize it in flight, while others speculate that Nyctosaurus may have sported a colorful sail of skin. Its an entertaining idea, but some aerodynamics experts doubt that these adaptations could have been truly functional. Pterosaur Physiology The key trait that distinguished pterosaurs from land-bound feathered dinosaurs that evolved into birds was the nature of their wings which consisted of wide flaps of skin connected to an extended finger on each hand. Although these flat, broad structures provided plenty of lift, they may have been better suited to passive gliding than powered, flapping flight, as evidenced by the dominance of true prehistoric birds by the end of the Cretaceous period (which may be attributed to their increased maneuverability). Although theyre only distantly related, ancient pterosaurs and modern birds may have shared one important feature in common: a warm-blooded metabolism. Theres evidence that some pterosaurs (like Sordes) sported coats of primitive hair, a feature usually associated with warm-blooded mammals, and its unclear if a cold-blooded reptile could have generated enough internal energy to sustain itself in flight. Like modern birds, pterosaurs were also distinguished by their sharp vision (a necessity for hunting from hundreds of feet in the air!), which entailed a bigger-than-average brain than that possessed by terrestrial or aquatic reptiles. Using advanced techniques, scientists have even been able to reconstruct the size and shape of the brains of some pterosaur genera, proving that they contained more advanced coordination centers than comparable reptiles. Pterosaurs (winged lizards) hold a special place in the history of life on earth: they were the first creatures, other than insects, to successfully populate the skies. The evolution of pterosaurs roughly paralleled that of their terrestrial cousins, the dinosaurs, as the small, basal species of the late Triassic period gradually gave way to bigger, more advanced forms in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Before we proceed, though, its important to address one important misconception. Paleontologists have found indisputable proof that modern birds are descended not from pterosaurs, but from small, feathered, land-bound dinosaurs (in fact, if you could somehow compare the DNA of a pigeon, a Tyrannosaurus Rex and a Pteranodon, the first two would be more closely related to each other than either would be to the third). This is an example of what biologists call convergent evolution: nature has a way of finding the same solutions (wings, hollow bones, etc.) to the same problem (how to fly). The First Pterosaurs As is the case with dinosaurs, paleontologists dont yet have enough evidence to identify the single ancient, non-dinosaur reptile from which all pterosaurs evolved (the lack of a missing linksay, a terrestrial archosaur with half-developed flaps of skinmay be heartening to creationists, but you have to remember that fossilization is a matter of chance. Most prehistoric species arent represented in the fossil record, simply because they died in conditions that didnt allow for their preservation.) The first pterosaurs for which we have fossil evidence flourished during the middle to late Triassic period, about 230 to 200 million years ago. These flying reptiles were characterized by their small size and long tails, as well as obscure anatomical features (like the bone structures in their wings) that distinguished them from the more advanced pterosaurs that followed. These rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs, as theyre called, include Eudimorphodon (one of the earliest pterosaurs known), Dorygnathus and Rhamphorhynchus, and they persisted into the early to middle Jurassic period. One problem with identifying the rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs of the late Triassic and early Jurassic periods is that most specimens have been unearthed in modern-day England and Germany. This isnt because early pterosaurs liked to summer in western Europe; rather, as explained above, we can only find fossils in those areas that lent themselves to fossil formation. There may well have been vast populations of Asian or North American pterosaurs, which may (or may not) have been anatomically distinct from the ones with which were familiar. Later Pterosaurs By the late Jurassic period, rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs had been pretty much replaced by pterodactyloid pterosaurslarger-winged, shorter-tailed flying reptiles exemplified by the well-known Pterodactylus and Pteranodon. (The earliest identified member of this group, Kryptodrakon, lived about 163 million years ago.) With their larger, more maneuverable wings of skin, these pterosaurs were able to glide farther, faster, and higher up in the sky, swooping down like eagles to pluck fish off the surface of oceans, lakes and rivers. During the Cretaceous period, pterodactyloids took after dinosaurs in one important respect: an increasing trend toward gigantism. In the middle Cretaceous, the skies of South America were ruled by huge, colorful pterosaurs like Tapejara and Tupuxuara, which had wingspans of 16 or 17 feet; still, these big fliers looked like sparrows next to the true giants of the late Cretaceous, Quetzalcoatlus and Zhejiangopterus, the wingspans of which exceeded 30 feet (far larger than the largest eagles alive today). Heres where we come to another all-important but. The enormous size of these azhdarchids (as giant pterosaurs are known) has led some paleontologists to speculate that they never actually flew. For example, a recent analysis of the giraffe-sized Quetzalcoatlus shows that it had some anatomical features (such as small feet and a stiff neck) ideal for stalking small dinosaurs on land. Since evolution tends to repeat the same patterns, this would answer the embarrassing question of why modern birds have never evolved to azhdarchid-like sizes. In any event, by the end of the Cretaceous period, the pterosaursboth large and smallwent extinct along with their cousins, the terrestrial dinosaurs and marine reptiles. Its possible that the ascendancy of true feathered birds spelled doom for slower, less versatile pterosaurs, or that in the aftermath of the K/T Extinction the prehistoric fish that these flying reptiles fed on were drastically reduced in number. Pterosaur Behavior Aside from their relative sizes, the pterosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods differed from one another in two important ways: feeding habits and ornamentation. Generally, paleontologists can infer a pterosaurs diet from the size and shape of its jaws, and by looking at analogous behavior in modern birds (such as pelicans and seagulls). Pterosaurs with sharp, narrow beaks most likely subsisted on fish, while anomalous genera like Pterodaustro fed on plankton (this pterosaurs thousand or so tiny teeth formed a filter, like that of a blue whale) and the fanged Jeholopterus may have sucked dinosaur blood like a vampire bat (though most paleontologists dismiss this notion). Like modern birds, some pterosaurs also had rich ornamentationnot brightly colored feathers, which pterosaurs never managed to evolve, but prominent head crests. For example, Tupuxuaras rounded crest was rich in blood vessels, a clue that it may have changed color in mating displays, while Ornithocheirus had matching crests on its upper and lower jaws (though its unclear if these were used for display or feeding purposes). Most controversial, though, are the long, bony crests atop the noggins of pterosaurs like Pteranodon and Nyctosaurus. Some paleontologists believe that Pteranodons crest served as a rudder to help stabilize it in flight, while others speculate that Nyctosaurus may have sported a colorful sail of skin. Its an entertaining idea, but some aerodynamics experts doubt that these adaptations could have been truly functional. Pterosaur Physiology The key trait that distinguished pterosaurs from land-bound feathered dinosaurs that evolved into birds was the nature of their wings which consisted of wide flaps of skin connected to an extended finger on each hand. Although these flat, broad structures provided plenty of lift, they may have been better suited to passive gliding than powered, flapping flight, as evidenced by the dominance of true prehistoric birds by the end of the Cretaceous period (which may be attributed to their increased maneuverability). Although theyre only distantly related, ancient pterosaurs and modern birds may have shared one important feature in common: a warm-blooded metabolism. Theres evidence that some pterosaurs (like Sordes) sported coats of primitive hair, a feature usually associated with warm-blooded mammals, and its unclear if a cold-blooded reptile could have generated enough internal energy to sustain itself in flight. Like modern birds, pterosaurs were also distinguished by their sharp vision (a necessity for hunting from hundreds of feet in the air!), which entailed a bigger-than-average brain than that possessed by terrestrial or aquatic reptiles. Using advanced techniques, scientists have even been able to reconstruct the size and shape of the brains of some pterosaur genera, proving that they contained more advanced coordination centers than comparable reptiles.

Virtue and trust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Virtue and trust - Essay Example Topic Sentences Entertainment media have in most cases brought out morality as an element that is dependent on social status. It has brought out the society as one full of favourism and one that is inclined towards benefiting only those living within the high social classes. However, it is quite incorrect to classify people as more or less moral based on their economic statuses. It places the society in an awkward position of everyone wanting to exist in the middle class and above zones so as to be acceptable in the society. It creates an imbalance thereby creating a general negative stereotype that places the working class in a situation forcing them to struggle to move to upper economic classes. As such, it is quite unfortunate that this stereotype has taken precedence in the entertainment media that is quite common with most of people in this world. There are substantial reasons supporting the fact that virtue is not much dependable on the economic class that one belongs in. Some of these reasons are discussed herein. Reason Movie producers have in their production processes lightened up the much needed light in the society with respect to how the world observes morality. Morality is a personality theme meaning that it cannot be a society attribute but more of a personal conviction. It is the path of right followed by individuals. It is defined by an existence and is independent of social status. As such, it cannot be acquired by use of money or wealth.

A Critique of the United States National Incidenct Management System Essay

A Critique of the United States National Incidenct Management System - Essay Example The NIMS provides for a Communications Unit whose responsibility includes planning radio networks and frequency assignments to insure inter-operability of the communications system. Network management can insure compatibility without producing overlap interference between agencies and networks. The centralized logistics and supply component of NIMS provides for a unified management of all the necessary logistics that are involved in the emergency response. A single source for all supplies will make the supply channels more clear and that should result in reducing response times. They can also establish staging areas and satellite locations as needed to supply outlying victims and response personnel. This approach to material supply has an advantage over the random distribution of food, fuel, and supplies that would exist on a local or regional level. The establishment of a Joint Information Center (JIC) will aid in creating a central information repository. As the information is routed through a central location, it can be assimilated and can help get a better picture and evaluation of a large-scale disaster. Information can be rapidly checked for credibility and disseminated to the interested parties. The JIC can eliminate the breakdown in the public warning system and aid in the assessment of ongoing threats. One of the vulnerabilities of the NIMS structure is its reliance on bureaucratic systems to operate in an ever-changing environment. This organizational model has several drawbacks in its present form.

Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Case Study - Assignment Example In addition, monetary and fiscal policies will have an effect on the interest rates of the whole economy. Higher oil prices affect the global economy in a number of ways. Some of the factors include the transfer; when consumers buy oil, they transfer their wealth to oil producers. In our case, the decrease of oil prices makes the US dollar to be strong and causes repatriation of money to the Federal Reserve. The forces of demand and supply have affected the global prices. The laws of demand and supply state that as the price of a commodity increases, its demand decrease with the exception of a few while the law of supply states that as the supply of commodities decreases, its price increases. In the international oil prices the law of demand and supply applies. The diagram below demonstrates on the law of demand and supply for crude oil up to 2015. The supply of oil since last year has been increasing steadily than the actual demand which led to the decrease of oil prices as shown above. The supply was caused by stockpiling of unused oil. The chat above is used courtesy of International Energy Agency. However, in countries like Russia and Venezuela, its bad news. The oil producing and exporting company would not pass a resolution on this trend. Of a great interest is Saudi Arabia which has been blamed for not curbing its production thus leading to a high supply of crude oil and gas in the world. As a result, the prices went down by half which led to their economy to decline unlike in the US which has stored oil in barrels in their reserves. Another effect is that this causes price discrimination among various states especially the emerging economies. Countries like India and China compared to the US have greater price disparities due to oil prices fluctuation. The US in a way enjoy monopoly because of the strong currency and emerging economies currency continue to depreciate Hanke (2014). This is what causes

Comparison of Ellis Island and Angels Island Essay

Comparison of Ellis Island and Angels Island - Essay Example Similarly, for an immigrant, it becomes difficult to adjust to the new surroundings, new customs and a new habitat altogether. Although both the parties mutually adjust and co-exist in the future, the initial phase would always be remembered.History of Ellis Island and Angel Island needs to be understood bearing this in mind. Both these points were recognized as entry points to America. Ellis Island is located in the upper bay just off New Jersey coast, within the shadow of a statue of Liberty. Today approximately 40% of America’s population can trace their origins back to Ellis Island and that is because the island has a history of processing twelve million immigration applications. Ellis Island got its name after its owners Samuel Ellis and was also known as Oyster Island earlier. Federal Government after procuring the island from Samuel Ellis primarily for the defense purpose. The immigration was processed at Castle Garden in New York which was later shifted to Ellis Island . The initial influx was of northern and western Europeans and much later southern and eastern Europeans also made their way to America through Ellis Island. Europe was mainly becoming stifling in terms of religion and socio-economic constraints. To escape from these conditions people migrated to a new land altogether. The quarantine ships examined the passengers while they were still in the waters and identified and separated people who were having contagious disease, disorders and were the potential threat to society. The passengers were then preceded to the island where rest of the formalities was carried out. Although it acquired a reputation of â€Å"island of tears† the usual proceedings did not take more than a few short hours to start a new life in America.

Research critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research critique - Essay Example Likewise, the paper did not explicitly state the problem, but with clear defined focus and a well argued urgency and necessity for the study, apparently, the problem centers on the effectiveness of mutual goal setting (MGS) and supportive-educative (SE) nursing interventions in improving the mental health (MH) and quality of life (QOL) of individuals with heart failure (HF) – a very relevant study specifically for nursing, since among health workers, nurses are tasked to monitor health conditions of patients. With the study addressing a clinical problem that is experimental in nature, quantitative approach has been appropriate. The stated hypotheses: â€Å"That by (1) educating HF patients about their disease and supporting them in self-care management behaviors and (2) enhancing their sense of control through MGS, they will experience significant improvements in their MH and QOL† (Scott, Setter-Kline, & Britton, 2004, p. 249) have clearly specified the key variables an d the study population as consistently illustrated in the conceptual framework and as supported by a brief yet cohesive review of literature both in theories and related studies. Observably, the literature review, which references are good combination of old(1990-1998) and current (1999-2004) books (3-1), journals (4-7), and government materials (3-1), although brief has provided sufficient theoretical: â€Å"†¦ worry, depression, and loss of control may contribute to feelings of powerlessness among individuals receiving treatment for advance HF† (Scott, 2000, cited in Ibid, p. 249), and practical: â€Å"the use of SE nursing intervention improved self-care behaviors and decreased symptom frequency and distress, yet only limited improvements in QOL were identified† (Jaarsma et al., 2000, cited in Ibid), support to the study. However, studies cited here were not critiqued maybe due to the

Culture and Health paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Culture and Health paper - Essay Example Moreover, cultural factors are significant in health problems such as obesity, drug addiction, and child sexual abuse. Socioeconomic and cultural issues therefore underlie key global health problems, such as the spread of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, infant deaths as a result of preventable diseases, and diseases from environmental contaminations as well as social pathologies. This paper is a discussion on how the cultural behaviors and Islamic culture contribute to the spread of cholera and its impact on the community. According to Grim and Hsu (2011), the present global estimates of Muslim population cited in several academic literature approximately fall between one billion and two billion people. The results of the research carried out in 2009 showed that the population of Muslims across the globe is approximately 1.57 billion of 6.8 billion people inhibiting the world. Presently, Muslims are thus approximated to be 25% of the world population (Grim & Hsu, 2011). A big Muslim population is found in Asia-Pacific zone totaling approximately 62% of global Muslim population. In Middle East and North Africa, Muslim population is around 20% of the total international Muslim population. More than half of the territories and states in North Africa and Middle East have 95% or higher Muslim populations (Grim & Hsu, 2011). Asia presents the four largest Muslim populated countries across the world. The largest Muslim populated country in the world is Indonesia. It comprises of 202,867,000 Muslims, which is 12.9% of the global Muslim population. The next leading Muslim populated country is Pakistan with a Muslim population of around 174,082,000, translating to 11.1% of global Muslim population. India is reported to be the third-largest country of Muslim inhabitants with an approximate of 160,945,000 Muslims, accounting for 10.3% of global Muslim population. Bangladesh is occupied by around 145,132,000 Muslims,

Research critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research critique - Essay Example Likewise, the paper did not explicitly state the problem, but with clear defined focus and a well argued urgency and necessity for the study, apparently, the problem centers on the effectiveness of mutual goal setting (MGS) and supportive-educative (SE) nursing interventions in improving the mental health (MH) and quality of life (QOL) of individuals with heart failure (HF) – a very relevant study specifically for nursing, since among health workers, nurses are tasked to monitor health conditions of patients. With the study addressing a clinical problem that is experimental in nature, quantitative approach has been appropriate. The stated hypotheses: â€Å"That by (1) educating HF patients about their disease and supporting them in self-care management behaviors and (2) enhancing their sense of control through MGS, they will experience significant improvements in their MH and QOL† (Scott, Setter-Kline, & Britton, 2004, p. 249) have clearly specified the key variables an d the study population as consistently illustrated in the conceptual framework and as supported by a brief yet cohesive review of literature both in theories and related studies. Observably, the literature review, which references are good combination of old(1990-1998) and current (1999-2004) books (3-1), journals (4-7), and government materials (3-1), although brief has provided sufficient theoretical: â€Å"†¦ worry, depression, and loss of control may contribute to feelings of powerlessness among individuals receiving treatment for advance HF† (Scott, 2000, cited in Ibid, p. 249), and practical: â€Å"the use of SE nursing intervention improved self-care behaviors and decreased symptom frequency and distress, yet only limited improvements in QOL were identified† (Jaarsma et al., 2000, cited in Ibid), support to the study. However, studies cited here were not critiqued maybe due to the

Comparing both Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill's philosophical Essay

Comparing both Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill's philosophical positions - Essay Example He believed that happiness is derived from the good will in performing an action regardless of the consequences. Consequently, the results of an action, whether good or bad, should be deemed irrelevant so long as the basis of good action was based on good will. Furthermore, he believed that people actions were morally good when based on an obligation to duty. According to Kant, if a maxim was in compliance to universal law then it was morally good and could be subjected to rational human beings (Maj, 2002). Kant further specified the practical imperative which dictated on human dignity. The basic logic of human dignity is based on treating human beings always as an end in themselves as opposed to a means to an end. However, one major assumption of Kant’s theory is ignorance of the consequences of actions based on good will. Actions based on good will are viewed as morally right irrespective of the consequences whether good or bad. John Stuart Mill proposed a different code of ethics, drawn from teleological theory, known as utilitarianism or the principle of utility (Maj, 2002). His theory justified actions as morally good if it led to happiness. However, if the result of the action was unhappiness, then it should be deemed as immoral. Moreover, decisions and actions are judged on morality based on the consequences and not the performing of the act itself. Furthermore, he theorized that if an action results to greater happiness to a greater number of people then it was morally right. Thus in pursuit of happiness through hedonism (ethical and psychological hedonism), people should perform actions that result to pleasure and prevent pain. John Stuart Mill’s utilitarianism also justifies sacrifice if it contributes to the pleasure of people or minimizes pain. For example, sacrifice in form of discretion, that result in happiness to the greatest number of people. Moreover, Mill’s theory supports alt ruism as opposed to egoism.

All Quiet on the Western Front Essay Example for Free

All Quiet on the Western Front Essay Lost Generation – (young boys leaving school and going to war for their country) (Page 85) ‘’That’s what set us apart and made our parents’ world a little difficult for us to understand; because somehow we were always gently bound up with that world, submissive to it all, and the smallest thing led us onwards along the path of eternity. Perhaps it was just the privilege of our youth – we were not yet able to see any restrictions, and we could not admit to ourselves that things would ever come to an end; expectation was in our blood, and this meant that we were at one with our lives as the days went by. ’ (Page 85) ‘’Now we would wander around like strangers in those landscapes of our youth. We have been consumed in the fires of reality, we perceive differences only in the way tradesmen do, and we see necessities like butchers. We are free of care no longer – we are terrifying indifferent. We might be present in that world, but would we be alive in it? We are like children who have been abandoned and we are as experienced as old men, we are coarse, unhappy and superficial – I think that we are lost. ’’ (Wikipedia) Almost to a man, the young men are moved to join the army. The young enlistees are shown in basic training, aching for action fighting in the war. -Soldiers are referred to ‘young soldiers’ all the time, because young men, almost boys even, are sent to war. They leave school and are sent to fight for their country. (Internet) ‘’Arriving in training camp, the young boys expect war to be a great lark’’ * The boys were so young and unaware, they didn’t know what to expect from the war, but they thought it was going to be great fun and were very unaware of anything that was going to happen. They were happy to be going away, fighting for their country, they thought they were becoming men by doing this. (Internet) ‘’each young and impressionable, are recruited and trained to fight for the glory of the fatherland. ’’ (-George McGovern) ‘’Im fed up to the ears with old men dreaming up wars for young men to die in. ’’ Peer pressure. Some young boys don’t want to go to war but because all of their friends are going they get persuaded by peer ressure and by teachers, that fighting for their country would be a great duty and if they didn’t, they would be seen as a coward in their hometown. (Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet On The Western Front, Ch. 1) Yes, thats the way they think, these hundred thousand Kantoreks! Iron Youth! Youth! We are none of us more than twenty years old. But young? That is long ago. We are old folk. (Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet On The Western Front, Ch. 10)I am young, I am twenty years old; yet I know nothing of life but despair, death, fear, and fatuous superficiality cast over an abyss of sorrow. I see how peoples are set against one another, and in silence, unknowingly, foolishly, obediently, innocently slay one another. (Book)‘’When we went to the District Commandant to enlist, we were a class of twenty young men, many of whom proudly shaved for the first time before going to the barracks. We had no definite plans for our future. Our thoughts for a career and occupation were as yet of too unpractical a character to furnish any scheme of life. We were still crammed with vague ideas which gave to life, and to the war also, an ideal and almost romantic character. ’’

The Esssence of Rebirth and Death in Literature Essay -- essays resear

The Essence of Rebirth and Death in Literature   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Literature has always been a powerful way for people to express their ideas, opinions, and feelings. Authors often use literature to depict aspects of society that can affect a man or woman’s life. In the stories, â€Å"The Horse Dealer’s Daughter,† Life in the Iron Mills, â€Å"Barbie Doll,† and The Awakening the women of the stories do not seem to adapt to societal expectations. The inadequacy of the women of these stories to meet the view of society has lead to either a rebirth or ultimately a drive to suicide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In D.H. Lawrence’s â€Å"The Horse Dealer’s Daughter,† rebirth is a central theme of the story. Lawrence uses his main character, Mabel, to take part in this transformation. Mabel’s role in society is defined by the death of her mother, her father’s occupation, as the title suggests, and how her life is altered by the death of her father. She finds herself alone, her household in ruins, and all her money gone. She is constantly being pressured by her siblings to come to terms with what she will be doing with the rest of her life. Her brothers are eager to make sure she or someone else takes responsibility for her life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mabel feels the pressure of having to prove herself. She is impassive and almost paralyzed with fear about her future. It is because of her unappeasable life that she seeks a way to find fulfillment. The only way she feels she can pursue this is to be reunited with her beloved mother. When she goes to the graveyard where her mother is buried she carries with her shears, a sponge, and scrubbing brushes to clean the headstone and in a sense prepares herself for her own death. While she is at the grave sight Dr. Ferguson passes by. He is moved by the way she takes responsibility for her mother’s plot. At this point he realizes how in touch she is with the nonliving world. One analyst says, â€Å"His quick (alive) eyes sees her tending the grave as if spellbound, and he is touched by her conjunction with the world of death† (Meyers 347). At the same time Mabel with her life in ruins, her parents gone, her brothers close to striking out on their own, and all her financial resources gone, decides it would be better to be with her mother by taking her life. She plans to do this by drowning herself.   Ã‚  Ã‚   ... ...er’s Daughter† and Life in the Iron Mills, both Mabel and Deb experience a rebirth that challenged society to accept them as they accepted themselves. In the two other works which I have discussed â€Å"Barbie Doll† and The Awakening both the girl and Edna disobey society by committing the ultimate act of suicide to free themselves of the burden of society. In all the works, the main female characters denounced society’s expectations in order to gain personal pleasure. Works Cited Davis, Rebecca Harding. Life in the Iron Mills and Other Stories. New York: The Feminist Press at The City University of New York, 1985. Green, Suzanne D. â€Å"The Awakening.† Novels for Students. 56-66. Hughes, Sheila Hassell. â€Å"Between the Bodies of Knowledge there is a Great Gulf Fixed: A Liberationist Reading of Class and Gender in Life in the Iron Mills.† 1997. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_ quarterly/v049/49.1hughes.html. November 15,1999. Lawrence, D.H. â€Å"The Horse Dealer’s Daughter.† Meyers, Jeffrey. â€Å"D.H. Lawrence and Tradition: ‘The Horse Dealer’s Daughter’.† Studies in Short Fiction. Ed. Gayle R. Swanson. Newberry, South Carolina: Newberry College, 1989. 346-351. Piercy, Marge. â€Å"Barbie Doll.†

Lightning Mine Vs Archangel :: essays research papers

The Australian novel, Lightning Mine, covers the development of an iron ore mine on a sacred land guarded by “Namarrkon'; in the Northern Territory. MDG/Global mining was very interested in the area, and sent their chief prospector, Aaron Shoemaker to investigate the land. Whilst Shoemaker is there, he sets off a chain of corporate and government tactics to ensure the development of the mine on the Aboriginal sacred site. These tactics, as you can imagine, were not overly fair to the Aboriginal people, and their only hope was through University of Sydney law graduate, Jarra Mariba. Quickly, the development of the themes and issues become clear, especially through the arrogant ignorance of the CEO of MDG/Global corporation portrayed by the author. “No stone is unturned in the name of progress';, states the CEO to Jarra, showing the clear message that nothing will stop the capitalist machine from destroying the sacred land. With full government support, the mine goes ahead, and quickly Shoemaker realises what this will lead to. The corporate tactics continue to ensure a smooth running of the mine, even to the extent of killing Mariba’s wife. The resolution of the book fits in well with the theme. Namarrkon: The Lightning Spirit, the guard of the sacred site, stirs up a freak electrical storm, and totally destroys the mine. Furthermore, the CEO, Sir Peter Gables, gets killed by the storm whilst in a helicopter trying to escape the wraith of the storm. Mariba gets shot, but is amazingly saved by Shoemaker, who is a changed man by this time. What the novel focuses on is that it takes a supernatural event to stop such capitalist progress, but it can happen. My International novel was set in a very different context, present day Russia. The book was extremely well done, and is about the opening of the Soviet achieves. Central to the story, is Fluke Kelso, a middle-aged former Oxford historian who comes into contact with an old NKVD guard who was present during Stalin’s final hours. The former NKVD officer tells Kelso of a little black oilskin notebook which stalin kept close, which lead into a race against time to find the book, as the news quickly spreads. The secrets to Stalin’s life open up, and soon a Stalinist/Marxist fanatic called Mamantov goes in search for Stalin’s famous unknown son, as well as Kelso, and an international reporter wanting a good story.

Memoirs of a geisha by arthur golden

The geishas of Japan have long held a mystery that has inspired a lot of stories about who they were and how they lived their lives. Memoirs of a Geisha by Arthur Golden captures this fascinating and mysterious world in a story that contrasts the rich tradition of the geishas and the changes brought about by the World War II in Kyoto. This is the story of Chiyo, with her sister Saysu who are both sold to a stranger by their own father because they have to earn a living due to extreme poverty of their family.At the young age of nine, Chiyo has a beauty that makes her right to be a part of the geisha homes. However, her sister. Saysu, is not fortunate enough, as she does not possess beauty like her sister. Saysu is then forced into prostitution and the sisters are separated by these circumstances. Chiyo however metamorphoses into a beauty and is later known as Sayuri. Because she is the fairest among all the geisha’s in their home, she   eventually earns the wrath of the other geishas who came before her including the equally lovely Hatsumomo. Sayuri is almost destroyed by her rival Hatsumomo who envies her incessantly. If it were not for the intervention of the celebrated geisha Mameha, who coaches Sayuri about the chores and duties of a geisha, it would have been Sayuri’s end. Yet destiny prevails and Sayuri turns out to be a good pupil who learns to love what she has been taught.Author Arthur Golden succeeds in portraying the inner life of a geisha as he weaves the story in an enticing and engrossing way such that viewers find that their intricate kimonos are really not that easy to get into. Equally intricate is the way the story develops with the life of Sayuri as its focus. Golden recreates the scenes with such subtlety, sensuality and mastery of what the geisha world is all about. These glory days of Kyoto's Gion pleasure district is recaptured well in the story.The beauty and historical value of pre-war Japan is also seen here and which ad ds drama and color to the already colorful life of geishas. The book reminds me of the developmental theories which we learned in class. For instance, Bandura’s cognitive emphasis comes to mind as I view the scenes where Sayuri learns the art of being a gracious hostess. She is able to do it because she observed Hatsumomo many times over flipping the fans, turning and bowing to the clients with such excellent perfection. She is able to execute the movements excellently because of the observational learning which comes from observing the behavior of other people. Observational learning cannot occur unless cognitive processes are at work.In the story, the character Chiyo, who later transforms into Sayuri, was a keen observer all along. From the way the people nodded, she knew that there were some people who were plotting evil against her. She observed everything, even her benefactor, who transforms her life and whose actions does not escape the glances that were meant not only to look at the surface level, but to really look and find the nuances which she may uses.This art of observing has been perfected well by Sayuri and this is what removes her from the bind of the tradition and ennui. Observational learning is stressed in this cognitive social learning because this active, cognitive form of learning also permits individuals to be able to quickly assimilate thousands of new responses in a variety of settings. This is where their models are simply pursuing their own interests and are not trying to teach them anything. In the story, Sayuri continually learns both desirable and undesirable responses by keeping her eyes open. Moreover, in the story, we find that human development proceeds so very rapidly along so many different paths.I am also able to correlate the learning insights that there is a broad world view of how one should situate the context of the story. Another broad world view, the contextual model has recently emerged as the perspective that many developmentalists favor (Lerner, 1996). The contextual model views development as the product of a dynamic interplay between person and environment.People are assumed to be active in the developmental process (as in the organismic model) and the environment is active as well (as in the mechanistic model). Development may have both universal aspects and aspects peculiar to certain cultures, times or individuals. The potential exists for both qualitative and quantitative change, and development may proceed along many different paths depending on the intricate interplay between internal forces (nature) and external forces (environment).Since the story dates back to the height of the geishas and the rich culture of Japan, I am reminded again of the cross-cultural comparisons which one can apply as one reads the story. For instance, the story has given me a broad understanding of several Japanese students in the school. Some of them have been acquaintances and I now understand the particular culture that they come from. This provided me with some new ideas on the factors that may impact on the developmental process. It has given me new insights on the link between culture and development.Developmentalists are often hesitant  Ã‚   to publish a new findings or conclusions until they have finally observed and studied quite a number of people so that they can conclude that their results are reliable. However, their conclusions are more often based on participants living at one point in time within one particular culture or subculture. It would then be difficult to know if these conclusions apply to future generations or even to the young people currently growing up in other societies or subcultures (Lerner, 1996).Today, the generalizability of findings across samples and settings has become an important issue, for many theorists have implied that there are â€Å"universals† in human development—events and outcomes that all children share as they p rogress from infancy to adulthood. Thus, the cross-cultural guards against the overgeneralization of research findings.In sum, one must become a knowledgeable reader in order to get the most of what the field of human development has to offer, so that one’s views of the world from books, stories and one’s experiences become integrated in a coherent whole that explains why and how one acts and behaves the way he does. The story could have ended with the characters dismissing it as one of those geisha stories, but author Arthur Golden ends with bravura because the story recaptures the glorious days of the geisha and the values that provide the redeeming factor in an engrossing story of traditional Japan.It is interesting to note that Sayuri is able to blend well to the new environment where she is thrusted into because of her innate flexibility and strength of character from where she gets the power to rejuvenate. She is able to observe that she must obey and observe wha t her associates do, so that she can relate them in her own world as a geisha. She does not resent anything because she is made to do this work, but she negotiates her way around and emerges triumphant in the end where she â€Å"feels as a bird must feel when it has flown across the ocean and comes upon a creature that knows its nest.† (Starr).REFERENCESLerner, R.M. (1996). Relative plasticity, integration, temporality and diversity in humandevelopment: A developmental, contextual perspective about theory, process andmethod. Developmental Psychology. 32. pp. 781-786.Starr. K. Memoirs of a Geisha by Arthur Golden. Nabou.com. Retrieved Aug. 4, 2007 at:http://bookreviews.nabou.com/reviews/memoirs_of_a_geisha2.html

Local Coffee Shops and Chain Coffee Shops Essay

Coffee shops have always been important for British people. When they want to read a book and newspapers ,meet new people, follow commodity prices, have knowledge of political issues, learn about what others think of a new book, be aware of the latest scientific and technological developments, have a chat with friends, they are going to coffee shops. In the past, there were only local coffee shops which are also named as high street coffee shops. Nevertheless, today, the number of coffee shop chains is increasing dramatically. Therefore, it becomes so difficult for the owners of the high street coffee shops to run their own businesses. This will be analyzed by comparing the upside and the downside of both shop types in this essay. First of all, giant companies have the advantage of a location which can be more convenient and also easier for locals, in particular students, to shop quickly. For instance, a big company can set up a coffee shop in such a good place like in a shopping park or a centre, in a train or a bus station, in an airport and in a popular street of a town centre, however, this is usually not possible for a local business person. Secondly, the latter has got the advantage of a popular brand name, but the former does not have this opportunity. Finally, giant corporations’ coffee shops are more modern and organized than local ones. On the other hand, there are some advantages of high street coffee shops. For example, a high street coffee shop has got a better atmosphere than a shop of a chain. The staff of local one is more friendly and hospitable. In addition, in a local coffee shop, most customers know each other and they can make new friends and discuss whatever they want with other customers. Thus, they feel more comfortable in these local shops. However, it is obviously difficult to provide a friendly environment in a giant corporation’s coffee shop because the personnel are more formal when they deal with customers. Also, people can get a delicious meal and a cup of coffee with a cheaper price in local shops compared to others. To sum up, even though there are some advantages of local coffee shops, particularly a kindly atmosphere of them, it is still challenging for them to compete with giant corporations. However, I believe that, in order to keep local coffee shops alive, there are some measures which can be taken. For instance, councils can reduce the amount of the rates and the rents for local businesses. Besides, all shopping centers should be outside of towns and local people should encouraged to go to local coffee shops.

Ban the Box Argumentative Essay

With America being the land of opportunity, the U. S has presented quite a few disadvantaged Americans’ with not so many opportunities. Especially those people of who have been arrested for a criminal crime. This also includes freshly released from prison, probation and/or parole. A study in 2012 shows with one in four Americans in the United States today, have been arrested. (Solomon). That same study shows most Americans being arrested at the age of twenty three. This poses dilemmas as for employment breaks. Another disadvantage that comes to play is the initiative filling out the form of employment (The application).On that application for employment; reads a box that states criminal history, arrests previous to applying, also asks you to report any form convictions and the natures of the crimes. That little box tends to be not only discouraging to an applicant trying to better ones selves, but it also prevents reestablishing, and rehabilitating. From whatever it is they un dergo. From whatever might lead up to that background. Whether it is drugs addictions or reasons they performed those crimes, such as a way of survival.Thank fully enough that’s where Ban the Box Act comes into play. This is an act, which removes those horrible anxieties and pressures when applying for employment opportunities. Ban the box should be a federal law because it enables people to find recovery in the job market and not return to crime, and it also puts income back into America that could be used for more imperative issues to this country; also disables employers from discriminating against the job seeker; by seeing that box checked on a form of application for employment.Originally originated in California; Ban the box yet is involved in over 43 cities in America as of 2012 reports NELP (National Employment Law Project)(see NELP). Minnesota was the first state to apply this bill. It also narrows employers’ liability for criminal records (NELP). Incentives a re now being offered, and insurances to prevent as much liability for employers taking the risk of employing offenders, such as a tax break/credit.Delaware for example is trying to allow a grace period of time hired, and if performance is not acceptable then they may use the criminal history as a termination of employment. Although recently denied by congress in July 2012(BJS. Gov), it should be a federal law nationwide. With prison and or jails being the most highly funded besides Medicare in the country (Katel), it’d definitely lead to less recidivism to institutions which would put the funds to more imperative things; such as children’s education amongst many more federally applicable prospects.With incarceration rates in the United States higher than any other country in the world, and it’s one of those most funded as well (Katel). Besides Medicare the prison system alone in 2008 showed that it sucks up the most state funded money. An astonishing state cover age of $22,000 yearly (Katel). With the United States almost exceeding count of 22 million of Americans’ institutionalized in some kind of jail and/or prison system. As of 2011, (Solomon) each year over 12 million people are admitted to local jails, and more than 700,000 are admitted to state and federal facilities.The United States has less than 5% of the world’s population but almost a quarter of its population is prisoners! (Solomon) About three fourths of a million of those prisoners or inmates will be released from the institution that they are in. Within a three year period, almost more than half of them will return to jail or prison due to committing either new or relevant crimes (Kamel) for ways of survival or violating the community corrections program they were obligated to.These include not just parole, also probation or drug court. The easiest way of violating one of the community programs above is employment. It is not just a suggestion; it’s a requ irement to remain to one’s freedom. Which is uncovered challenging, and in this day and time nearly unrealistic! Not only due to today’s economy; also due to that bad choice(s) or a criminal history can make finding employment difficult. NIJ (National Institute of Justice) found that a criminal record reduces the likelihood of a job or offer by over 50%! Solomon) With another study showing that 92% of employers use some sort of background check. With any kind of simple arrest or criminal history (even if it didn’t lead to a conviction. ) that shows quite a problem. So being on a community corrections program and the conditions of the job employment is very discouraging to more than half of those sentenced to these programs. Recidivism is bound to occur for most unfortunately.

Research proposal Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Research proposal - Literature review Example Please note that blue instructions (in italics) should be deleted and replaced by the appropriate entries. The word guides are a maximum. The proposal should include a list of references and a timescale plan. 1. Proposed Title Give a clear and succinct title, indicating the problem area around which the research will be undertaken. To identify the issues in electronic banking transactions 2. Background or Rationale of the Project Include a description of the background to your project. Explain why you have chosen the topic - give both academic and personal reasons. Answer the following questions: Why do you feel this research project is necessary? Such a project is necessary to gather more insight in the topic of internet banking as a whole and particularly in the security issues related to the e-transactions. What is the problem or issue that needs sorting out? The financial services in the field of electronic commerce are rapidly advancing with Internet banking being in the forefro nt of it requiring many developments and implementations regarding a comprehensive security practices. For the field of Internet banking, the real issue is regarding the security which is hampering this field as effect methods are still not in place that can provide the users of Internet banking an authenticate and remote environment. This has given rise to the possibility of cloning the identities of the Internet banking user which arises the issue of procedures and practices that could minimize this issue. Why are you interested in the project? What has aroused your curiosity? Given the present scenario of the advanced technologies been used in setting up security requirements placed by the regional, national and global Internet banking system, still users are not confident enough to carry out e-banking transactions. If this is the case, then the question arises that why is Internet banking becoming more and more popular amongst the users if security issues lie within the system o f Internet banking. This curiosity and interest has given me a direction to further my research in the issues of security in Internet banking transactions. How will your project add new knowledge to the field? Since not much research has been conducted in this field, particularly in creation of secure pathways for transactions, the security framework recommended in this research can provide a direction for present and future framework for secured Internet banking transactions. Max. 250 words 3. Preliminary Review of the Literature Give a brief critical review of the literature within your topic area and justify the need for your research. Don’t forget to give a list of key references used (a minimum of 6) - use the Harvard Referencing Style. Answer the following questions: What research has already been carried out on your topic area? Many different researches have been carried out on the topic where different authors have discussed the security issues as well as provided fra meworks for security practices. This topic is popular because of the growing impact of Internet on all businesses particularly in the banking industry where services are now provided online for the convenience of the customers. According to Jamwal and Padha (2009), Online Banking Association conducted a survey where security was rated the top issue in online banking by the member institutions. According to Zin and

New Test Development Project Risk Monitoring and Control Assignment

New Test Development Project Risk Monitoring and Control - Assignment Example Basically, the project monitoring and evaluation in this project management are meant to provide objective and reliable up to date information about the progress of the project and as such helps eliminate unnecessary risks. Four basic indicator systems will be used in the project monitoring and control which includes; Schedule Performance Monitoring, Program Metrics, Technical Performance Measurement (TPM) and Earned Value (EV) (Kerzner, 2006). An in-depth monitoring and control of scheduled risks will be conducted to gauge the extent of the damages caused by such risks if any will be undertaken during the project implementation. After 30days, the project management staff will conduct a scheduled performance monitoring indicator to establish whether the time allowed for a risk that may occur as a result of the delay caused by the NATA in granting accreditation of the assays was within the acceptable limits. This process will be done to ensure that the overall implementation period of the project is not compromised by risks caused by NATA. The project monitoring and control tool will also be used to check the effectiveness of the rejection of the risk to proceed to offer service without NATA accreditation. The process will find out if adopting the risk would have dented the image of a project as earlier been presumed. There are other risks such as technical risks that have been identified as possible causes of delays in the implementation of this project. However, program metrics and earned value (EV) are some of the indicator approaches that will be used to monitor and control the adopted response strategies. The project has adopted risks such as the failure of assay design, challenged validation report by NATA assessor and service redundancy. Likewise, during the implementation of the project risk monitoring will be done against the above-named risks to estimate the effectiveness of the decision of adopting them.  

Esssy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Esssy - Essay Example When they do, the organization then can evaluate where they are now in terms of that purpose and where they expect to be in the future. The International Federation of University Women deems organizational purpose essential that they have created a thirty-minute module for each member to comply with. This module focuses on making members assess who they are, what they desire to do, and with whom they intend to do these things together. The members are reminded of their purpose that IFUW is a non-profit, non-governmental organization of women graduates committed to empowering women and girls through education to reach their full potential throughout their life span. After answering a questionnaire, the members are asked to gather in a small group to discuss their answers openly. This strategy is used to help members develop a common understanding of the organization’s purpose and to clarify any misinterpretations about it. Disoptimization can be best understood in terms of optimization and that means being able to make full use of a tool or program to the best potentials it has and can offer. This translates to the optimum performance of a program or policy. For example, Benini et al. in the study of policy optimization for a dynamic power management suggests that â€Å"the main function of a power management policy is to decide when to perform component state transitions and which transition should be performed, depending on system history, workload, and performance constraints†. The paper proposes power management policies that are of a finite-state so that the power consumption of complex computer systems can be reduced by exchanging performance for power in a controlled manner. On the other hand, disoptimization may mean that all options for the good of the organization as well as the good of the general public is ignored. One good example would be that of the European Transmission System Operators (TSO). TSOs are the ones who make trade

United States's role in outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

United States's role in outsourcing - Essay Example Outsourcing presents both direct and indirect advantages and disadvantages. Several unfavorable conditions in the country make American companies outsource foreign employees and overseas locations. This paper explores United States role in outsourcing and its impact. The current  U.S. corporate tax code encourages companies to move their operations to foreign locations. It results in the offshoring of jobs that could currently be located in the United States. The government condemns the outsourcing of jobs out of the country by U.S. multinational corporations because it fails to solve issues the employment crisis in the country. In addition, outsourcing weakens the U.S. competitiveness in the international economy. The government tries to attract multinational companies in the country through tax incentives and formulation of policies that provide a favorable work environment. An increase in taxes for multinational business triggers an exodus of business, investments, and work opportunities (Wolverson 1). Multinationals often shift to low-tax countries in which they can maximize their profits. Commonly referred to as ‘tax havens’, such countries offer small corporate tax rates to persuade multinational corporations to transfer inc ome abroad. Production and labor costs are a cause for outsourcing. Other countries offer cheaper sources of labor as compared to American workers who demand high wages. China, for example, has an unrivaled large and reliable labor base that accepts lower pays. While unemployment is rampant in the U.S., it is worse in developing countries such as China, Singapore and Malaysia (Wolverson 1). As companies outsource to China, Americans remain unemployed because of limited job opportunities at home. The companies benefit because they reduce their capital and operating costs. Regrettably, the country loses its productivity and competitiveness in the global economy. Outsourcing

The influence of attachment theory on my practice Essay

The influence of attachment theory on my practice - Essay Example John Bowlby suggested that attachment keeps an infant close to the mother. It is this closeness that permits the child to accept suckling and other protection mechanisms that the mother provides to increase its chances of survival (Personality Research Organization, 2011). As mentioned above, it was John Bowlby that highlighted the significance of young children establishing attachment with their significant adult. According to Bowlby, attachment is a special psychological and emotional relationship that inculcates an exchange of care, comfort and pleasure. The relationship between a child and an infant a caregiver (parent or a significant adult) created a sense of comfort, care and pleasure. The roots of Bowlby’s research stemmed from Fraud’s theories about love. He researched and shared significant psychoanalytic view that earliest experiences of a child in his early years of development have imperative effects on the child’s development and growth in later yea rs. As such, the theory claims that everyone’s daily interaction and behavior towards other people are phenomena that were established in childhood through early attachments to the caregivers (McLeod, 2012). In addition, Bowlby researched and placed forth a claim that the attachment between one and the world around him underwent evolutionary effect. Evolutionary component of the Attachment Theory enables human beings to survive in the ever dynamic world. According to the researcher, the propensity to create strong emotional bonds to particular people or person is a basic component of every human being. In the view of Bowlby, Attachment Theory displays four distinct characteristics of attachment. Foremost, there is the characteristic of Proximity Maintenance. This refers to the need to be always close to the people one is attached to. A child always misses the closeness of the significant adults they are attached to. The second characteristic is Safe Haven. This characteristic of the theory makes children return to their attachment figures for safety and comfort in the event that they fear or are faced with threats. Children always run to the people they have emotional attachment to in times of danger and grief. There is the concept of Secure Base (McLeod, 2012). As the child explores the surrounding environment and gets to learn people and issues, the attachment figure acts as the base of his security. All issues that present danger and potential harm are reported to the significant adult in a child’s life. Lastly, Attachment Theory has the characteristic of Separation Distress. In the event that the attachment figure or significant adult is absent and far from the child, a feeling of anxiety and distress sets in the child (McLeod, 2012). Bowlby’s Attachment Theory was officially published in the trilogy Attachment and Loss in 1969-82 (Personality Research Organization, 2011). However, there were preliminary papers on the progress of the p sychologist’s research efforts right from 1958. The preliminary reports included the researcher’s expanded field of study to the theory including evolution by natural selection, control systems theory, cognitive psychology, and field of ethnology, evolutionary biology and object relations theory (psychoanalysis). The final publication that was released in 1969 outlined John Bowlby’