American Revolution - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 328 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: American Revolution Essay Did you like this example? In the early 19th century, Americans experienced both social and political impact significantly due to emerging cultural changes. While religion reformed the much of the 19th century it was able to impact both political and social aspects of the Americas, through abolition and temperance it was able to bring about these changes with religion. The high rate of alcohol consumption prompted reformers to target alcohol as the cause of social ills. The movement began by using moral exhortation. In 1826 Protestant ministers and other concerned with drinking founded the American temperance society, they tried to persuade drinkers to take abstinence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "American Revolution" essay for you Create order Factory owners and politicians joined in hopes to reduce poverty and crime. In 1851 Maine went beyond taxing liquor but also prohibited manufacturing and sale of liquor. Twelve states followed before the civil war. In the 1850s the issue of slavery came to overshadow the temperance movement but would gain strength in the late 1870s and achieve national success with the passage of the 18th amendment in 1919. Abolition was the support for a complete, immediate, and uncompensated end to slavery. Slavery was seen as one of the Americas worse social ills. Abolitionist and religious reformers were fighting for the abolishment of slavery. In the North before the Civil War, there were only a few abolitionists and these were generally considered radicals. However, they were prominent and vocal, and as sectional tension mounted, they became more prominent and influential. This was considered radical, and there were only a few adamant abolitionists prior to the Civil War. Almost all abolitionists advocated legal, but not social equality for blacks. Many abolitionists, such as William Lloyd Garrison were extremely vocal and helped to make slavery a national issue, creating sectional tension because most abolitionists were from the North. While religion reformed the much of the 19th century it was able to impact both political and social aspects of the Americas, through abolition and temperance it was able to bring about these changes with religion.

Conformity And Its Effect On Society - 1431 Words

In today life people generally tend to conform in many situations to blend in and to live their life peacefully. They may feel safer doing so and more acceptable by society if they don’t stick out with ideas opposite or different to the â€Å"main stream†. To answer the question what is CONFORMITY we ca use the description of psychologists who described it as: The most general concept and refers to any change in behaviour caused by another person or group; the individual acted in some way because of influence from others. (Breckler, 2006) Conformity can be caused by different reasons. For some people it will be a way of looking for clues of how to behave, as other people may have better knowledge or experience than we, and it can be helpful and informative for us to follow them. Other example of conformity is when people conform because they want to be accepted by a group, they want to be a part something, and they don’t want to be pounced on them. Another reason for people to conform is to follow someone’s style to look alike as it can come across positive perception from peers. Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman identified three major types of conformity, which were based on his experiments and research. These are as follow: Compliance – is referred to changing the behaviour publicly, to fit in group despite the fact that privately we don’t agree with it. The very good example of such conformity is Ash’s experiment, when despite the obvious answer people gave a differentShow MoreRelatedConformity And Its Effects On Society1641 Words   |  7 Pageswithin their own society. As the case may be this is not a negative acknowledgment, seeing as majority of people convert to stereotypes and social norms without even a fighting word. The majority of children will believe their parents or guardians when told certain actions are unacceptable or not for their gender, and will continue to follow these set rules to be a â€Å"good kid† and gain the approval of their guardians, which lead to the longing for them to gain the approval of society. The complicationRead MoreConformity And Its Effect On Society Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom home for the first time, take on many obstacles. Along with the difficulties of balancing academics, self care and missing home, students face immense pressures from their peers. Conformity is t he alteration of a behavior due to the influence of others, regardless of if their presence is real or imagined. Conformity often occurs in groups, and because groups are a very common and important in college, it becomes a time in one’s life when pressure is extremely high. My group of girls are tightlyRead MorePeer Pressure, Conformity And Rebellion Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pages Peer Pressure, Conformity and Rebellion How does peer pressure, conformity, and Rebellion affect Adolescents in society? Karla Rios Prof: Jocelyn Castillo Social Psychology Fall 2016 New Jersey City University Abstract The purpose of this literature review paper is to navigate and explore different effects in society towards peer pressure, conformity and rebellion. This study attempts to answer the following research questions: How does peer pressure, conformity, and rebellion affectsRead MoreEssay On Individualism And Collectivism1162 Words   |  5 Pagesinstead of verbally to determine conformity levels; enculturation, defined as the process in which we are surrounded by cultural influences. All of these terms are important in understanding the concept that individualism and collectivism influence conformity through each of their characteristics and values. In an individualistic society, the ties between each person are weaker, and everyone looks after oneself. These values of an individualistic society influence conformity in many ways, as seen in theRead MoreOpinions and Social Pressure Essay939 Words   |  4 PagesSolomon E. Asch â€Å"Opinions and Social Pressure† Salomon E. Asch in his essay â€Å"Opinions and Social Pressure† conducted an experiment to determine effects of group pressure towards an individual and concluded that there is a very strong tendency to conformity even when doing so conflicting with their own senses of morality. In the experiment a group of young students have to compare length of lines on two different sheets of paper. On one of them there is a sample single line and on the otherRead MoreSociety vs Self1013 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects that Society has on Individuals are  Negative Society is, by definition,  a group of people who live in the same area who tend to follow the same standards. Society influences people to follow their expectations, because it is thought of as the right way to live. Due to this influence, society has a negative impact on the individuals who are a part of it. Society forces conformity on others, has individuals acting selfish, and lowers self-esteem which ultimately has a negativeRead MoreTaking a Look at the Transcendental Movement1455 Words   |  6 PagesRalph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Emerson and Thoreau were both extremely intellectual men of their time and are now the figureheads of transcendentalism. In the simplest terms, to â€Å"transcend† means to rise above and beyond the norms of society ¾ not physically, but mentally. Transcendentalists, such as Emerson and Thoreau, believed that for one to determine the ultimate reality of God, the universe, and the self, one had to transcend everyday human experiences. Ideas that form the basisRead MoreBelonging - a Clockwork Orange Essays679 Words   |  3 Pageswill allow a sense of identity, without this we lose our humanity; however, conformity is in a sense a facade of belonging, as it restrains our freedom and forces us to only mimic. My studied texts show how society demands us to conform, yet conformity prevents a sense of true identity being ever created. This notion is elaborated in the novel, A Clockwork Orange. Alex is a criminal who doesn’t belong anywhere within society. In the novel, the government attempts to suppress his criminality by physicallyRead MoreThe Movie Cool Hand Luke 1164 Words   |  5 Pagesand killed. After viewing the movie â€Å"Cool Hand Luke† there were three main psychological themes that were very prevalent on the basis of the film. The three Psychological themes consisted of Obedience to Authority, Conformity, and Nonconformity meaning that it will be addressed how society affects the way individuals behave, think, and feel. First and foremost, The first thing that is going to be addressed within prevalence in the film is obedience to authority. Obedience to Authority can be definedRead More Women Conform More than Men Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesWomen Conform More than Men Studies over the years have shown a higher rate of conformity among women than men. Psychologists have attributed this difference to many areas, such as personality traits, differing views of conformity, social status, and situational forces. The following research and studies illustrate the findings which confirm this hypothesis. Personality Traits of Men vs. Women According to Eagley, Wood, and Fishbaugh (1981), women are more concerned than men about

Pros and Cons of traditional absorption costing techniques Essay Example For Students

Pros and Cons of traditional absorption costing techniques Essay Outline1 Introduction2 Executive sum-up3 Why ABC was implemented.4 Why does the company need either soaking up costing or ABC5 Why company demand Absorption Costing6 Why companies need Activity Based Costing7 What are the differences between Absorption bing and ABC8 3. What stairss would the company demand to take if it was to present an ABC system ( presently has soaking up bing ) ?9 Stairss Required in ABC10 Differences between an allotment, allotment and soaking up rate.11 BILBLIOGRAPHY Introduction The intent of this study is to discourse the advantages and disadvantages of Traditional soaking up and Activity based costing. In add-on, analysis will be carried as to why a company needs either the Traditional based costing or the Activity based costing. Differences between both stairss will be looked into. Furthermore, this study will besides see, accounts of an allotment, an allotment, soaking up rates and suggestions will besides be made as to what method is suited. Executive sum-up This study has been put together to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of ABC and soaking up costing. Research have been exhaustively done to work out the job originating from the usage of soaking up costing, coupled some few illustration as to how ABC works. Why ABC was implemented. Activity based costing was implemented in the United provinces in the twelvemonth 1890, by Robert Kaplan and William Burns, who brought the constructs of ABC to existence. It was implemented to undertake jobs faced with traditional soaking up costing, which is unable to acknowledge exactly the factual cost of procedures for strong direction determinations. ( Naron, D.2009 ) . Originally, ABC s country of specialization was the fabrication industry, where, technological development and productiveness betterments reduced the per centum of direct, labour and material costs. However, it caused an expansion in the per centum of indirect or operating expense costs ( CIMA planetary, November 2008 ) . An Activity based costing is said to be a type of system which allocates overhead to each chief activity in an administration, thereby ensuing to legion cost pools. It so allocates the cost of activity to the merchandise, services or other cost objects that caused the activity . On the other manus, Traditional soaking up costing technique is the type which at first allocates all operating expense to the production and service cost Centres section of an administration and so reallocates service section costs to the production sections, ( Drury,2006, p.349 ) However, there are points to observe, in finding the most suited. Why does the company need either soaking up costing or ABC Why company demand Absorption Costing Absorption costing is indispensable for a company, because all cost are aimed to be recovered and identified into merchandise or service as to organize the footing for the rating of stock list and pricing. However, merely overheads that are straight connected to the production of stock list can be recovered. In a company, entire soaking up costing will retrieve all cost from each section that are involved in production, and industry. One of the major jobs that might happen is that all cost might non be identified until the terminal of the accounting period. Why companies need Activity Based Costing Activity based costing are needed, to bring forth a perfect cost for each merchandise. The apprehension behind this method is that, necessary computation is expected to be accurate in order to command cost. In other words, directors do non desire to take the hazard of holding to do determinations based on imprecise informations provided by the soaking up technique, as competition is increasing. Recently, soaking up costing has failed to carry through the outlook of the new fabrication industrial environment. However soaking up bing besides lacks edification, while allotment of direct cost has failed to reflect the original distribution of cost, so activity based costing is aimed to rectify this defect. Furthermore, ABC, has been brought into being to for better allotment of costs, for disbursals to be traced easy and straight to merchandises or services, and measuring for quality sweetening chances. ( Narong, D.2009 ) .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 , .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 .postImageUrl , .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 , .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3:hover , .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3:visited , .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3:active { border:0!important; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3:active , .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3 .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u706b7615f9a9bf60db4e1b03792d5df3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Patriotism EssayWhat are the differences between Absorption bing and ABC Absorption bing makes usage of direct labor and machine hr to apportion their costs while ABC makes usage of cost pools and cost drivers as footing of allotment. Under ABC technique, cost pools are allocated to objects based on how much of the activity is consumed by the objects , ( Stratton, W.et al.2009 ) while cost driver is any signifier of activity that drives cost. ( Drury, C.2006 ) Furthermore soaking up bing uses a solitary accretion of cost, this cost are non identifiable straight, being portion of cost of labor or merchandise. Examples of this cost include, allotment of direction rewards, cost of care and disbursals and eventually depreciation. Activity based costing consume smaller targeted cost that increases based on activities. In service operations, such as Bank, Accountancy, Administration, Architecture and Insurance complex companies make usage of Activity based bing since their services are non of volume. 3. What stairss would the company demand to take if it was to present an ABC system ( presently has soaking up bing ) ? A company needs to use five stairss in order to finish the purpose of cost recovering. Step 1 is to avoid maintaining separate record for fiscal accounting and direction accounting because many concerns have integrated fiscal accounting and direction accounting systems. A company can easy follow single merchandise or service towards direct cost such as direct stuff and direct labor. The 2nd measure is to sort all cost into certain groups and classs these costs before apportioning them into separate sections. An illustration involves the demand of ciphering entire cost for visible radiation and heat or rent. The 3rd measure is for a company to apportion indirect cost to sections. Furthermore, direct cost can be straight traced to goods and services. In the instance of operating expenses, the applicable procedure is indirect while the chief point is to happen the appropriate portion for allotment. The 4th measure is to reapportion all the cost to production sections because this cost must be recovered into specific merchandises which are merely made in merchandise section. At the 5th measure cost are absorb into concluding merchandise while a suited recovery rate is chosen. The nature of activity will be reflected by the chosen rate. Measure six is about using the soaking up cost into production. Stairss Required in ABC In ABC the three stairss are the same as traditional costing. Meanwhile the 3rd measure is to place those activities that determine the overhead cost such as production. Step four is to place all cost drivers, and appropriate allotment should be made to this cost drivers. In measure five all activity cost driver rate are calculated, this method involve, the division of figure of activity by the entire cost for a cost driver. Step six is to absorb both direct and indirect cost into a merchandise or service. Differences between an allotment, allotment and soaking up rate. Harmonizing to ( Drury, C 2006 ) , an allotment is said to be a process for delegating cost, when there is no being for a direct step for a measure of resources used up by a peculiar cost object. That is, cost that can non be traced straight, to a peculiar object will be assigned to a cost object. The assignment of indirect costs to a cost object with the aid of a peculiar base is known as an allotment base Harmonizing to ( Lucey, T.2009 ) an allotment, is when cost is been distributed under a figure of cost Centres. Harmonizing to ( Drury, C.2006 ) an soaking up rate is besides described as a cover overhead rate. An soaking up rate is a peculiar operating expense rate used by an full administration or company for bear downing their operating expenses or indirect cost to production, for an accounting period. As overhead soaking up is been calculated earlier than the accounting period, budgeted cost tends to be over or under absorbed. By over soaking up, we mean that operating expense absorbed in the cause of production is greater than the existent operating expense. On the other, under absorbed is when operating expense is lower than existent operating expenses. .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e , .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e .postImageUrl , .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e , .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e:hover , .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e:visited , .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e:active { border:0!important; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e:active , .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc4c84fdf9eda97f4001936f231beaa6e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Human Resource Management Of Standard Chartered Bank EssayIn decision to the all the above analysis, ABC is the most suited type of bing because: Research and study has proved that it is best method, adopted by most fabrication and service companies. It is every bit good utile for doing direction determinations such as planning, budgeting and to reexamine the public presentation of an administration. BILBLIOGRAPHY Drury, C. ( 2006 ) Cost and Management accounting. Sixth edition. Bedford Row, London: Thompson Learning. Jones, M. ( 2006 ) Management Accounting, Second Edition. British Library Cataloguing -in-Publication Data Proctor, R. ( 2009 ) . Managerial Accounting for Business Decisions, Fourth Edition. FT Prentice Hall. Pearson Education. Narong, D ( 2009 ) Activity-Based Costing and Management Solutions to Traditional Shortcomings of Cost Accounting. Cost Engineering.Morgantown.51 ( 8 ) August, pp.11-22. Stratton, W.et Al ( 2009 ) Activity-Based Costing: Is It Still Relevant? Management Accounting Quarterly, 2009.Vol. 10, Iss.3, spring, p.A 31-40A hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/cid_tg_activity_based_costing_nov08.pdf.pdf

The Main Objectives of Heifer International Organization

The main objective of Heifer International is to end poverty and hunger by facilitating programs through which individuals can obtain livestock and tree seedlings.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Main Objectives of Heifer International Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organization offers extensional training to members of a community to ensure the success of its programs and encourages beneficiaries of Heifer International to give at least one of the female offspring of the livestock to another member of the community who has undergone training. By embracing the Pass on the Gift strategy, the organization ensures it realizes its initiatives and goals on a large scale and uplifts a significant number of people. As a nonprofit organization, Heifer International sources for funds from individuals and organizations and may enter into partnerships with foundations, corporations and governments inv olved in projects to create wealth and opportunities. Apart from training individuals on appropriate animal husbandry, Heifer International incorporates various elements of sustainable development education, which enlightens beneficiaries on the management of the income generated from animal products or plants. The organization acknowledges the fact that keeping people out of poverty is a complicated process, which requires the adoption of approaches in the social and economic context to ensure the growth of the initial investment. The US Agency for International Aid (USAID) considers aspects of the management of an individual project and the project portfolio in making the decision to fund an organization. Considerations regarding effective portfolio management entail the cost effectiveness of projects and their impacts on the target population or community. Cost effective projects highlight the likelihood of success of the strategic goals while projects with unclear cost estimates indicate the underlying hurdles and inefficiencies in the implementation process. To make an appropriate decision regarding the funding of Heifer International programs, the USAID needs to embrace evaluation procedures that will provide rough estimates on the gains of the beneficiaries in terms of the income, nutrition and wealth derived from livestock and seedlings (Hooft and Terry 113). The estimates of the beneficiaries’ gain should indicate a sense of relationship between the expenditures on Heifer International programs and the socioeconomic benefits associated with the programs. A case study on Heifer International programs in Uganda illustrates the comprehensiveness of the organization’s programs and the viability of USAID funding the projects on livestock and plants. The Uganda project entailed the organization of families into projects based on a variety of animals with each family obtaining a cow, pig, goat or fish.Advertising Looking for essay on busin ess economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Each family had to meet the conditions set by Heifer International, which included the participation of a member from each family in a series of training sessions, preparation of a shed for the expected animal and planting of appropriate fodder crops. The emphasis on zero grazing eliminated the challenges relating to the ownership of large sizes of land because most of the poor families own small pieces of land. Heifer International programs thrive on twelve cornerstones, which include sustainability and self-reliance, nutrition and income, training and education, accountability and spirituality (Clements 18). The Uganda families benefitted in other ways such as strategies to improve sanitation, education and gender equality, which are some of the key hurdles to the improvement of the standards of living in developing countries. Heifer International programs contribute positively to t he enhancement of leadership skills by encouraging project groups to elect leaders who oversee the collection of dues and new development activities. The focus on the long-term goals of Heifer International programs is evident by the decision to employ extension workers with veterinary skills and experience to support farmers in the early stages of their projects. The veterinary workers organize the training of new members from within the project groups to ensure self-reliance within families and the community. The fact that Heifer International liaises with government agencies within the target country highlight aspects of transparency and openness in the organization’s programs. Heifer International objectives and policies highlight the organization’s desire to cooperate with other entities that are keen on helping impoverished communities in various parts of the world. The cornerstones of the organization’s projects highlight an opportunity that the USAID can exploit in the administration of civilian foreign aid. Considering that the scope of Heifer International’s activities extends beyond the provision of livestock and seedlings to incorporate various humanitarian activities, the USAID decision to fund the organization would be viable. USAID’s programs on poverty relief, which include assistance to public health and improvement of education, can thrive within the cornerstones of Heifer International programs (Dowling and Chin 78). Furthermore, the USAID seeks to improve the management of agricultural activities in poor countries and collaborating with Heifer International would enhance the penetration and success of its objectives. Heifer International places great emphasis on practices that facilitate the sustainability of the environment, which has become a global interest among agencies such as the USAID.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Main Objectives of Heifer International Organization sp ecifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Heifer International meets the demands that programs supported by the USAID must respect the regulations on economic and environmental sustainability and promotes the USAID’s objective of providing environmental assistance to countries facing the threat of declining natural resources. Works Cited Clements, Paul . â€Å"Evaluating the Cost Effectiveness of Heifer International Country Programs.† Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation 8.18 (2012): 16-28. Print. Dowling, J. Malcolm, and Chin Yap. Happiness and poverty in developing countries: a  global perspective. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Print. Hooft, vantÃŒ , and Terry Wollen. Sustainable livestock management for poverty  alleviation and food security. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, Uk: CABI, 2012. Print. This essay on The Main Objectives of Heifer International Organization was written and submitted by user Amy Campos to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essays

Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essays Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Paper Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Paper Iago is one of the most central and many-layered of Shakespeares villains, though he is also the subject of some controversy. Has Shakespeare created a motiveless malignity, as Coleridge suggested (Shakespearean Criticism, 1960), or is Iago deeper and more destructively sharp and vindictive? Shakespeare presents a deep-rooted paradox within Iago his single-minded conviction and confidence alongside an uncertainty of motive. Iagos importance and his role as Othellos poisoner is perhaps the first thing to consider. Is he simply a catalyst, aiding the inevitable, or does he deliberately orchestrate Othellos end on his own? The duality of Iago is also a vital device used by Shakespeare to illustrate his character Iago is such a gifted actor that no other character even has the opportunity to suspect that he is dishonest. The juxtapositioning of honesty and lies, good and evil, jealousy and trust, are also key techniques employed by Shakespeare to demonstrate Iagos power. The depth of both Shakespeares and Iagos language and use of imagery and extended metaphor is also suggestive of how layered the character is. It is difficult, perhaps impossible, to fathom Shakespeares original intentions for Iago. What must be noted is how different he is from the character in the tale by Cinthio from which Othello was drawn. The Ensign is given a name and much more subtlety than in the original story. The motives and reasoning behind Iagos actions are also key to the movement of the plot. His role as a many-faceted representation of the evils in humanity makes him a fascinating device vital to the sense of tragedy and inevitability that surrounds the play. The importance of Iago is something that must first be examined when considering his character. All of Shakespeares characters are constructs, but there is some question as to what Iagos role actually is, and how important he is to the storyline. It has been suggested that Iago merely induces what would have happened to Othello anyway. Brabantios ominous words in I. 3 are a herald to what may come, and have nothing whatsoever to do with Iago. He warns Othello that Desdemona has deceived her father, and may you. Perhaps it was such comments that drove Othello to his demise, and would have done so even in Iagos absence. However, Shakespeares emphasis on Iago and the thick irony surrounding him suggest that he is much more that just a catalyst. Several times in the first act he is called honest Iago, and then referred to by Othello as a man of honesty and trust (I. 3). This use of dramatic irony draws attention to the character, as the audience already know that Iago harbours a strong hatred for Othello. Emphasis is placed on this by way of Iagos soliloquies. He is the only character to have several asides, which is unusual as it is usually the central character that requires these. They are necessary in Iagos case because the audience needs an insight into the workings of Iagos mind. Shakespeare could be showing Iagos vital role if it were not for his complete skills in deceiving the other characters, Othello would not believe that his wife could be adulterous. Iago himself says that because Othello trusts him so well, the better shall [his] purpose work on him. He also says that the Moor is of a free and open nature, suggesting that without Iago, Othello would have no reason to doubt Desdemonas faithfulness as he takes things at face value. Iagos relationship with Roderigo must also be noted. Roderigo clearly would not have attempted to pursue Desdemona without Iago suggesting this. However, whether this is the case with Othello is under some doubt. Iagos importance largely depends on the audiences perception of Othello. If the audience sympathises with the Moor and believes him to have been cruelly deceived through no fault of his own, then Iago is clearly to blame for his downfall. If, however, the audience believes that Othellos undoubted faith in Iago is foolish, then they might choose to think that it was Othellos character flaw, not Iagos deception, which is at fault. The duality of Iagos character is what makes Othellos downfall possible and all the more poignant. He is a complete deceiver an actor who manipulates everyone around him entirely so that the truth is hidden beneath many layers of different lies. Even the audience, who have a particularly close relationship with Iago through his soliloquies, may be unsure as to exactly what the truth is and what simply suits Iago at the moment he says it. His obscurity and rapidly changing fai ades mean that Iagos real self is difficult to discern. The fact that no one even suspects that Iago is dishonest, and even believe him over other characters, is vital to the plot. Usually, Iago does not simple push other characters into courses of action they would have taken anyway, but reshapes their perceptions so that they believe things that are not remotely true. He swears to Roderigo that he will enjoy Desdemona the next night following (IV. 2), even though Desdemona has no interest in him. This is an example of Iagos absolute manipulation skills. Iago is the closest character to the audience, and this in itself represents how two-sided he is. Shakespeare, as a dramatist, would clearly be closely involved in the production of a play, and may have been alluding to the lie of an actor through Iago playing different roles, forever switching between performances and displaying another facet that is at once separate to and at one with them. It also should be noted, from a dramatic point of view, that the character of Desdemona must be played to perfection for the deception of Iago to succeed. If Desdemona appears to be flawed and unchaste, as Iago suggests, the real tragic power of the play may be lost. The move to Cyprus also presents another side of Iago. In Venice, he was skulking in shadows and calling up at windows, while in Cyprus, he seems free to observe and destroy without hindrance. Shakespeare presents a kind of uncertainty within Iago, and the playwrights motives for him are unclear. Is it true that Othello has done [Iagos] office twixt [his] sheets, or has Iago convinced himself of this to give himself a motive? It could be that Shakespeare intends Iago to be motiveless no more than a construct to represent the unfathomable evil that is inside every human. Although Iago proclaims I do hate [Othello] as I do hell-pains, we are never given a clear reason why. If Shakespeare is using him as a general symbol of evil, it may be that he did not want him to have a reason; it does not matter why, only that his hatred is so strong, so powerful, and so extreme, that it is all that is driving him. In some ways, a motiveless evil is more frightening and more powerful than one with a reason. However, it is also possible that Iago is a many-layered creation, and as such has multiple motives. Primarily, it could be said that Iago is driven by jealousy stronger and more general jealousy than Othellos, and perhaps this helps him to feed the Moors obsession. At first, Iago is a typical stage villain, delighting in the destruction of character he is bringing about simply for sport and profit. Later, though, he demonstrates his envy of something he believes he can never attain the daily beauty that Cassio possesses. He believes himself to be ugly, and it is possible that something primitive and instinctive inside him is transforming his shame into vindictive malice. Anger about his low position could also drive him he feels he has been denied his right to lieutenancy by a Florentine almost damned in fair wife. The way that Shakespeare provides many different motives for Iago could be a technique to confuse the audience and demonstrate that Iagos deception extends to everyone, possibly even himself. Metaphors and imagery run deep in Othello, and some would say the characters themselves are nothing but metaphors for aspects of the human condition. Taking this view, Iago would be the selfishness and spite that most people possess but usually do not act upon. Interesting, then, are Roderigos final words: O inhuman dog! Is Roderigo wrong in calling Iago inhuman, when surely all humans possess the characteristics Iago displays? Perhaps what makes us human, and better than animals, is that we possess these feelings and flaws but do not act upon them we have restraint. This presents a sharp paradox what makes us human is restraint, but by suppressing ourselves we are denying the very emotions that make us different from animals. In Iagos speeches, the imagery he uses often involves animals beast, old black ram, hot as goats, prime as monkeys and this technique could be employed to demonstrate Iagos carnal side. He does not behave civilly and reasonably as a human would, but acts on primal instinct to get what he wants without thinking of others, like an animal. He also refers to plants when speaking, using the analogy of roots to describe how Cassio supposedly kissed him, he speaks of how neither poppy nor mandragora will cure Othello, and uses a continued metaphor of a garden when talking to Roderigo (I. ). This choice of words conjures up images of crawling roots and plants spreading out among the characters of the play. These roots could symbolise the influence of Iago how he has managed to affect everyone around him. He changes the way others speak for example, when he talks to Othello, the Moors response is simple Ha, I like not that. Iagos intelligence and sharpness of wit cannot be matched by the other characters, except perhaps Desdemona. A further motif used throughout the play is that of perception, eyes and seeing. This could be linked to the stereotypes Iago seems to so enjoy fuelling. Prejudices and stereotypes are representative of the common eyes that people use to look at someone or something. In the play, the common prejudice is that Othello, as a Moor, is evil and animalistic. Iago feeds this, but it is then shown to be untrue. Iago then seems to reintroduce the stereotype and play on the judgements people make. Iago himself is an exercise in contradiction and juxtaposition. He says one thing and means another, appears one way and then shows he is not at all like that. In Act II. 1, Shakespeare presents an exchange between Desdemona and Iago that serves to create a paradox Desdemona is the epitome of all that is good in humanity, while Iago is a device employed to display all the more undesirable characteristics. Desdemona plays a truly innocent and faithful wife while Iago claims that all women are Saints in [their] injuries, devils being offended. And yet, Iago is still deferential and still addresses her as gentle lady. Desdemona calls him fool, but his behaviour elsewhere would suggest that he is anything but. His marriage to Emilia is also worthy of analysis. Although he feels that she obeys him he speaks harshly and cruelly to her, calling her a good wench, snapping at her while she only tries to please him at the end, when she realises his true nature, she refuses to defend him. It is possible that Iago cannot manipulate women as well as he would like to. In this play, women are seen as the only honest creatures, and it is Emilia who finally reveals Iagos deception, and Desdemona who dies without defending herself, still deeply in love with her husband. The fact that Iago does not truly understand all the facets of women is really his downfall. The final scene also presents us with new contradictions. Previously, Iagos power was in his well-chosen words. Now, however, he says nothing, claiming that from this time forth, I never will speak word. Despite this, he still seems to dominate the exchange; he is the only one who knows everything that has happened, and he is now almost the sole topic of conversation. He is referred to, strangely, as a Spartan dog (V. 2), which seems to be a strange paradox. The Spartans were a proud, brave and terrible people, while dog implies a lowly, fearful, evil creature. It is possible that his bravery, cunning and maliciousness matches the Spartans, while he darker, subtler side is that of a dog. Iago is possibly what makes Othello so different from other Shakespearean tragedies. While every other tragic hero inevitably falls because of one fatal flaw, in Othello there is still a what if? remaining. What if Iago is taken out of the picture? Would the Generals demise have been so sudden and striking? Would it have happened at all? Iago is an instrumental plot device, the key to the poignancy of the tragedy. In Iago, Shakespeare has created an absolute villain, one that the audience perhaps cannot feel sympathy for. In some ways, this is because he is so utterly callous and inhuman that the audience cannot comprehend his motives. And yet, there is always the dark uncertainty that the reason Iago is so powerfully evil is because he represents all the envy, desire and malignity that every human possesses.

Understanding Latins Third Declension Cases and Endings

Understanding Latin's Third Declension Cases and Endings A good bet for a Latin noun whose nominative singular ends in -a is that it is a feminine noun of the First Declension. Likewise, a noun ending in -us in the nominative singular is likely Second Declension masculine. There are exceptions, but guessing those is a good starting place. Its not so easy when you get the nouns belonging to the Third Declension. According to William Harris: The 3rd Declension is in a sense a catch-all for various stem-types, and can be very confusing. According to James Ross 18th-century Latin grammar, the nominative singular of a third declension noun may end in: a (of Greek origin [for more on declining Greek nouns in Latin, see Latin Third Declension Nouns of Greek Origin]), e, o, c (rare), d, l, n, r, s, t (caput and compounds), or x Also, he describes the endings used by different genders: Nouns can be masculine (especially with endings in -er, -or, -os, -n, or -o); feminine (especially -do, and -go endings); or neuter (especially nouns ending in -c, -a, -l, -e, -t, -ar, -men, -ur, or -us) in gender. Basic 3rd Declension Types Third Declension nouns may have a consonantal or i-stem. Consonantal Note: For the consonantal stems, it may take some practice to figure out where to add the endings, although, the dictionary form should make this clear. The usual genitive ending of third declension nouns is -is. The letter or syllable before it usually remains throughout the cases. For the masculine and feminine, the nominative replaces the -is ending of the singular with an -es for the plural. (Remember: neuter plural nominatives and accusatives end in -a.) Similarly, the dative plural is formed from the singular with the addition of -bus. Sometimes the root vowel appears to change, as in our second paradigm word below, opus, operis, n. First, here are the consonantal stems endings: Singular (the Second Form Is for the Neuter) NOM. -/-GEN. -is/-isDAT. -i/-iACC. -em/-ABL. -e/-e Plural NOM. -es/-aGEN. -um/-umDAT. -ibus/-ibusACC. -es/-aABL. -ibus/-ibus Using rex, regis, m. (king), here is the paradigm: Singular NOM. rexGEN. regisDAT. regiACC. regemABL. regeLOC. regi or regeVOC. rex Plural NOM. regesGEN. regumDAT. regibusACC. regesABL. regibusLOC. regibusVOC. reges Using opus, operis n. (work), here is the paradigm: Singular NOM. opusGEN. operisDAT. operiACC. opusABL. opereLOC. operi or opereVOC. opus Plural NOM. operaGEN. operumDAT. operibusACC. operaABL. operibusLOC. operibusVOC. opera I-Stems Some nouns of the third declension are called i-stem nouns; still, others are mixed i-stem. I-stem nouns have a genitive plural ending in -ium. Their ablative may not end in -e, but may instead end in -i. Other cases may also replace the -e- with an -i-, so you might see an accusative singular ending in -im. A neuter i-stem noun, animal, animalis (animal), looks a little different from other neuter 3rd declension nouns in the plural because of the i which makes the nominative and accusative plural of animal: animalia. The word for sea, mare, maris, is another neuter i-stem noun. Hostis, hostis is a generally masculine i-stem noun, but hostis can be feminine. The fact that the nominative and genitive is the same for this masculine or feminine noun indicates that its an i-stem. You would decline the name of Caesar thus: Caesar, Caesaris, Caesari, Caesarem, Caesare Sample 3rd Declensions Nouns Declined PugillaresOs

Cause of Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cause of Action - Essay Example Rob and Bunny Sherman and the tort law seems to be one of the most essential laws concerning the personal injury suffered by Rob Jr. As Mr. Bunny wants to bring suit against the Church of the Divine Light which caused personal injury his son by intentional torts, false imprisonment etc of Rob Jr., the best legal move will be in this line. There is vital evidence about Rob Jr. being tricked, falsely imprisoned, mentally threatened, psychologically oppressed, and illegally compelled to demand money from his parents. All these harassments and mental as well as personal injury suffered by plaintiff’s son indicate the possibility of taking civil action on the law of tort, undue influence, coercion, holding a person against his will etc. Also, legal action can be taken, on expert recommendation, against the Church of the Divine Light which is not an organized or registered church. The cause of action in the given case includes suing against Mr. Tom Marsden who was responsible for the civil wrongdoing against the plaintiff’s son and the law of torts serves best in this case. The case under discussion provides cause of action relating to law of tort, especially, intentional tort. â€Å"An intentional tort is any deliberate interference with a legally recognized interest, such as the rights to bodily integrity, emotional tranquility, dominion over property, seclusion from public scrutiny, and freedom from confinement or deception. These interests are violated by the intentional torts of assault, battery, trespass, false imprisonment, invasion of privacy, conversion, misrepresentation, and fraud.† (Tort Law) http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Tort+Law Significantly, four objectives are served by this law of torts. Thus, Mr. Rob can seek compensation for the injuries his son has suffered by the culpable action of the defendant.